What Is (Almost) Everything Made Of?

the world is strange the whole universe

is very strange but when you look at the

details the rules of the game are very

simple one of physics greatest Minds

Richard finan once compared deciphering

the laws of reality to watching the gods

play chess except in this case you're

only allowed to watch Snippets of the

match and can often only view a tiny

corner of the board from these scant

Clues and snatched glimpses you have to

work out the rules behind the movements

of the pieces and instead of rugs

Knights and porns you must attempt to

decipher the laws governing fundamental

particles such as electrons photons and

quarks sometimes these investigations

bring forth great Revelations at first

you may notice that a bishop always

stays on the same colored squares watch

for long enough though and you'll

discover that while true there is an

even more fundamental rule at play

Bishops can only move diagonally which

in turn explains why they always stay on

the same colored

squares the history of understanding our

world is littered with similar

Revelations often two sets of rules are

suddenly married together into one what

looked complex instantly gets simpler

two apparently separate forces revealed

to be actually two sides of the same

coin two particles just equal and

opposite vibrations the Ying to each

other's yang

but the path to this point has been an

arduous one every time physicists have

thought they were getting close to

understanding all the rules they have

spotted some tiny hole in their theory

that they can't explain it's the

equivalent of one of the special moves

in chess

castling this is when the king moves

more than one space and swaps order with

the Rook castling simultaneously breaks

three of the normal rules of Chess and

yet can be a very powerful move a

decisive move in any match as finan said

it's the thing that doesn't fit that's

most

interesting it has to do with curiosity

it has to do with people wondering what

makes something do something what we are

looking for is how everything works what

makes everything

work this long and winding road has

delivered modern physicists to the

precipice of a remarkable breakthrough

when might not need an endless list of

ever more complicated rules instead it

is possible that all phenomena in the

known universe from the tiniest

subatomic particles to all the

fundamental forces and so by extension

even ourselves can be explained using

just one

rule that almost everything is simply

vibrations in a vast web of quantum

Fields but is this really the end of the

game or are there still quirks in the

rule book lurking just Out Of

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Reach thank you to better help for

sponsoring this video everything we call

real is made of things that canot be

regarded as real the world world of

theoretical physics is full of moments

that pull the rug from under you and so

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and then to discover if you try to get

answers that they are related to each

other that things that make the wind

make the waves that the motion of water

is like the motion of air is like the

motion of sand the fact that things have

common features it turns out to be more

and more Universal what we are looking

for is how everything works what makes

everything work

cities and continents whiz by as the

Japanese Hitomi satellite hurtles around

the earth at almost 30,000 kilm hour it

is racing so fast it sees 15 sunrises

and sunsets each and every day with a

total spend of 300 million3 years to

build it was conceived to look at some

of the most violent events in the known

universe yet within weeks of launch it

would meet a violent end of its

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own a catastrophic system failure sends

its spinning out of control the team

behind the mission Tri firing on board

thrusters to slow it down but that only

makes Hitomi spin faster it is now

rotating so quickly that its solar

panels Shear off and the satellite

breaks apart into pieces the mission

over before it is barely

begun but why what brought down

HTO the ensuing investigation discovered

that the initial failure occurred isomi

passed over the South Atlantic anomaly a

dent in the Earth's magnetic field this

exposed it to higher levels of radiation

from space frying its delicate circuitry

the Earth's magnetism usually acts like

a giant bubble protecting us from the

ravages of such radiation it begins deep

in the bowels of the planet as the

Earth's molten outer core spins surging

through the crust and out into space it

spreads its magnetic tendrils out to

around 6 million kilm the South Atlantic

anomaly is caused by a magnetic reversal

in a small part of the outer core and

satellites passing through the region

are left

vulnerable and so though it may pass by

unseen in our daily lives the magnetism

all around us is extremely

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powerful humans have been fascinated

with the Earth's magnetism for Millennia

the first compasses were made 2,000

years ago during the Han Dynasty in

China when naturally magnetized pieces

of iron called load Stones were used for

Land Navigation centuries earlier the

ancient Greek philosopher thales of

meitus thought load Stones had Souls

because they attracted iron to them but

it took far longer for scientists to

explain magnetism and in doing so a

fascinating New Concept

crystallized the field

in physics a field is a region in which

each point has a physical quantity

associated with it television weather

forecasts are a good example because

they show how the temperature varies

across a given region of the Earth's

surface those maps are temperature

Fields they tell you the temperature

you'd experience if you were placed in a

particular part of the map similarly the

Earth's magnetic field is a map

illustrating the strength and direction

of the magnetic force a particle would

feel at various points around the planet

the South Atlantic anomaly is a part of

the map where the Earth's magnetic field

is particularly weak the International

Space Station has extra shielding to

deal with the increased radiation that

lets in and astronauts aren't allowed to

Space Walk while passing through this

region first used by English scientist

Michael Faraday in 1846 he saw Fields as

more than mere mathematical Maps he

considered them physical objects that

fill otherwise empty space

and to illustrate this Faraday used this

idea to help explain the perplexing