Los 5 SENTIDOS, sus órganos y funciones👂

The main senses are touch, hearing, taste, smell and sight. Human beings

and many other animals use these to perceive the world around us, with its textures,

its colors, its sounds, its aromas and its tastes. In addition to these five, we have other senses,

more or less developed, that allow us to measure temperature, movement and position,

pain, balance, vibrations, etc. In this video we will explain the organs of

the 5 senses and their functions. Also, if you want to download the images or learn

more you can visit the link in the description. In biology, sense is the faculty or capacity

that the body of a living being has to "realize" an external stimulus,

whatever its nature. Our brain gets an

idea of ​​everything around us thanks to the nerve impulses that our

sensory receptors constantly send to it. A sensory receptor is simply a structure in

our body specialized in "feeling". Nerve impulses, on the other hand,

are nothing more than a "translation" from the real world that our receptors are responsible for making

so that the brain better understands where we are (it translates it into language that the brain understands).

Our body owes its sensory capacity to various organs with their receptors: the eyes

give us the sense of sight, while the ears allow us to hear and maintain balance.

The tongue and nose allow us to feel the taste and aroma of food and other things,

and through the skin we perceive the textures, temperature and shape of everything around us.

Let us now explain the 5 senses: Touch

The main organ that we recognize by the sense of touch is the skin. The

skin is the largest organ we have, as it covers the entire surface of our body.

It consists of three layers of tissue known as: - the epidermis, the outermost.

- the dermis, the middle layer. - the hypodermis, the innermost layer,

closer to the muscles, bones and veins, vessels and arteries.

In these layers of the skin there are cells that function in the detection of “tactile” sensations

, which are connected to nerves that carry external signals

to the brain. These cells perceive not only touch, but also pressure and vibration.

Some parts of our body are more "sensitive" than others, because the sensory cells

are not evenly distributed throughout the skin. Also,

we don't have the same sensors everywhere, there are specialized groups that

are located in very specific places. The skin that covers our lips,

hands and genitals, for example, is rich in cells known as Merkel cells. The

tips of our fingers, the soles of our feet, and the skin on our nipples are rich in

other receptors called Meissner's corpuscles. Other receptors in the skin include those

that specialize in the sensations of pain, itching, and tickling. In addition,

there are sensors in the skin for heat, for cold and for pain.

Function of the sense of touch

In addition to helping us perceive the physical world around us, that is,

the shape and texture of things, as well as their consistency and location, the sense of

touch is closely related to the perception of temperature and pain, which is of

utmost importance for our physical preservation. For example, when an area of ​​our skin is

too close to a very hot object, our brain receives a signal of potential danger,

and sends orders to the rest of the body to move away from said object, helping us to avoid

further harm. Hearing

We are able to hear thanks to the ears,

organs also involved in the sense of balance. Our ears are responsible

for translating for the brain the information that reaches them in the form of sound waves into

nerve impulses that the brain understands. Hearing is a very important sense and

is especially developed in those people who for some reason cannot see,

as well as in many animals that depend on it to alert them to the presence of another

living being around them, for example. Each of our two ears is

made up of three anatomical regions: - the external ear, made up of the auricle

(where the earrings go) and a short external auditory canal, at the end of which is

the tympanic membrane, also called “ eardrum". - the middle ear, which is a narrow,

air-filled bony cavity traversed by a chain of three very small bones:

the malleus, the incus, and the stirrup. - the inner ear, which is a complicated

system of fluid-filled passageways located in the petrous part of the

temporal bone. It consists of two units, the vestibular apparatus (which has the vestibule and

semicircular canals with the organs for balance) and the cochlea (shaped like a snail),

which has the sensory organ for “hearing”. Sound waves are “collected” by the external ear

and projected towards the tympanic membrane, which converts the sound energy into

a vibration that in turn generates a vibration in the chain of ossicles in the middle ear.

The vibration is then transmitted from the ossicles of the middle ear to the fluid contained

in the cochlea of ​​the inner ear, where it reaches the organ of Corti, whose cells translate the

vibrational information into nerve impulses that tell the brain what it is hearing.

In this image you can see the main parts of the outer

ear, middle ear and inner ear; the atrium, the external auditory canal, the eardrum,

the ossicles, the Eustachian tube, the cochlea and the semicircular canals.

Function of the sense of hearing

For human beings, hearing is an essential element for communication,

since it allows us to listen to what another tells us (deaf people use sign language,

so their eyes act as their ears) . In addition, thanks to our ability to hear,

as is true for the rest of the senses, we can be more aware

of what is happening around us. Our ears also have an important

role in maintaining balance, preventing us from being "dizzy" all day.

Taste

We are able to perceive the taste of food and other things thanks to

the tongue, which is the fundamental organ for "tasting". The tongue has, on its surface,

a series of "bumps" called papillae, which are the structures that support the

taste buds or receptors . Our tongue has

at least 4 different types of papillae: - The circumvallate or caliciform papillae,

which are arranged in a "V" shape, pointing towards the throat. They are the

largest of the four types of papillae and are responsible for identifying bitter tastes.

- The fungiform papillae, which look very similar to that of a miniature mushroom and

are scattered over the surface of the entire tongue, but especially concentrated

on the edges and tip. They are responsible for telling the brain which flavors are sweet.

- The filiform papillae, although they do not have taste bulbs (receptors for taste)

have a conical shape and are responsible for giving the tongue an abrasive texture that allows it

to "hold" better to food. The filiform papillae also give the tongue

that “hairy” appearance. - The foliate papillae, which are

located on each side of the tongue and in its transverse folds. Many scientific texts

state that these papillae are what tell the brain what taste is salty.

When we are eating, some chemicals in our food bind to

these bulbs, causing them to become excited and send a message to our

brain through nerve fibers that run through our face and pharynx.

In this image you can see the types of papillae that we have just discussed.

Function of the sense of taste Although we do not know it, taste not only

allows us to enjoy the food we consume (or reject it), but also has

important functions in the detection of toxins, in the regulation of appetite, in the determination

of the nutritional quality of food and even in some immune responses.

Smell

The sense of smell is closely related to the sense of taste and

depends on hair-like cilia found in the epithelium of our

nasal cavity (the inner part of our nose). These cilia, which have

special sensory receptors, are able to perceive chemical molecules in the air that bind to them,

stimulating the brain with information that it interprets as "a smell."

The binding of one of these molecules to a receptor triggers a signal that reaches the

olfactory bulbs. These structures have neuronal bodies that function as transmitters

of the olfactory message to the brain, using specialized olfactory nerves.

In this image you can appreciate the main parts of the sense of smell;

the olfactory bulb, olfactory epithelium, glomeruli, cribriform plate,

basal cells, olfactory sensory neurons, cilia, and mucous membrane.

Function of the sense of smell Although humans do not have this

sense as highly developed as other animals, the sense of smell helps us to detect pheromones,

food and even some impending dangers. Sight

With the eyes we can see, but vision is far from being a simple process,

which we can understand by studying the complex structure of these organs.

The eyes have different parts: - The white part of the eye is known

as the sclera and is responsible for protecting the eyeball

- What we see in the center of the eye, that black dot, is called the pupil,

and it is, nothing more and nothing less , the opening through which light enters the eye.

- When we say “he has blue eyes” or “he has brown eyes”, we are talking about the iris,

which is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. Although it may not seem like it, this part

of the eye is responsible for controlling the amount of light that enters through the pupil, as it has

the ability to reduce or increase its diameter. - At the front of the eye there is a transparent "layer"

known as the cornea, which covers both the pupil and the iris.

- Behind each pupil is the crystalline lens or “the clear lens”, which helps to focus light towards

the back of the eye, where the retina is. - The retina, finally, is the portion of the eye that

is sensitive to light. The retina has about ten layers of cells that work together

to detect light and convert it into electrical signals that our brains "understand" best.

In this image you can see the main parts of the human eye:

the ciliary muscle, the iris, the cornea, the aqueous humor,

the pupil, the lens, the vitreous humor, the optic nerve, the retina and the sclera.

What is the vision process like? When we "see" the first thing that happens

is our perception of the reflection of light on an object. This light passes through the

pupil thanks to a curvature that occurs in the cornea and the "permissiveness" of the iris.

This light passes through the lens, which "focuses it even more" and directs it towards the retina,

which is connected to nerve cells (receptors). These

cells have very peculiar shapes, for which they are called "rods and cones".

The cones are responsible for telling the brain what colors there are, also giving

it details of what is seen (of central vision). Rods, on the other hand,

tell the brain whether what is being seen is in motion and give it information from the periphery.

Function of the sense of sight Like the rest of our senses,

sight allows us to be aware of our surroundings. At least 80%

of everything we learn "enters through the eyes." Sight allows us to get an idea not only of

the appearance of an object, but also gives us the ability to determine its depth.

It allows us to identify colors and, of course, "warn" us of potential dangers.