APUSH Review: Give Me Liberty, Chapter 1

[Music]

Hey, what's going on a push people? I am

so excited to announce that I am

beginning a series on a new textbook,

Eric Foner's Give Me Liberty. This one

is based off of the fourth edition, but

other editions will match up as well.

We're going to begin with chapter one.

So, let's get going. We got 30 more

chapters after this, but I'll got I got

you covered. All right, let's talk about

the first Americans, the settling of the

Americas. It is important to note the

Native Americans were a very diverse

group of people. They were not just one

tribe, one group of people. There were

hundreds of different languages

throughout North and South America, and

there are many different Native American

societies and cultures. Many of them

came to America from the Bearing Strait,

which connected Alaska to Asia. And

agriculture was based off of maize or

corn and squash and beans. You see maize

is bold. It's super important to know.

Make sure you know that that is corn.

We'll talk a lot about it in the first

couple chapters. When we're talking

about Indian societies of the Americas,

definitely note the Aztecs. They were in

present day Mexico in the city of

Tennochitan which was the largest city

in the Americas at one point. And the

Inca settled in present day Peru. Now

natives did not have the advanced

technology of Europeans. things like

guns, metal tools, etc. So, they were at

a disadvantage technology-wise when the

Europeans came over. And Europeans used

this as a justification for conquest of

natives, saying that they weren't as

advanced or civilized. Natives trade

across much of North America. We see the

Kyhokia of present day St. Louis, and

they would build these very large

mounds, some as high as 100 ft in the

central part of the United States.

Villages were established in present-

day southwestern United States.

Irrigation systems were created for corn

or maze, beans, and cotton. So, they

were very advanced agricultural

techniques. These natives tended to be

called pueblo by the Spanish due to the

buildings, the buildings themselves were

called pueblo that these natives lived

in. The great plains Indians, they

tended to be hunters due to a lack of

natural resources and dry flat land. And

you'll see here the Great Basin out west

and the Great Plains kind of in the

central. Those two areas are where

Native Americans tended to be nomadic.

And there will be the introduction of

the horse by the Europeans that will

drastically change their way of life. On

the eastern part of North America, we

have a mix of agriculture and hunting

for Native Americans. And we see the

Great League of Peace or the five

Irakcoy nations here. And there's a flag

for the Irakcoy Native Americans. And

native societies were incredibly diverse

across North America as I just

mentioned.

All right, going over to Native American

religion. Many Native Americans

practiced animism, which is the belief

that there were spirits that were found

in nature and shamans and medicine men

held great power and this kind of ranked

contradictory to Christianity and

European religions and this helped many

Europeans believe that they needed to

convert natives to Christianity. So

particularly Spain, we will see that

they will begin to convert Native

Americans or try to convert Native

Americans. The native view of land was

vastly different from the European view.

Natives viewed it as a common resource

for all whereas Europeans viewed it as

individual holdings would fence off

property. Giftgiving played an

instrumental role in native society.

When we're talking about gender

relations, many societies were matrial,

which is vastly different from European

views. And matrinal means that family,

the family was focused on the mother's

side, not the father's side. So the

mothers held incredible power. And

native women owned tools and dwellings

and English married women could not be

legally independent. So we see some

differences between Native American

gender roles and European gender roles.

Very important to note.

All right. European views of the

Indians. Initially, they were viewed as

either noble savages or uncivilized. Not

very well viewed by Europeans. As time

passed, they were more often see seen as

univilized and barbaric. And English,

England, France, and Dutch believed

natives did not use land, quote, so they

could not claim it. So this idea that

because they didn't have individual

holdings or individual claims to the

land, natives did not own it. And

Europeans saw natives as not free, this

idea of owning private property,

religion, gender roles, things that

defined Europeans as being free. Really,

most of it was based off of owning

private property. And natives did not

own private property. It was a common

resource. All right. Indian freedom and

European freedom will continue with this

theme. Natives not having established

governments was seen as barbaric by

Europeans. These elaborate governments

that Europeans had created. Natives

resented being used as slaves and in

many cases they ran away and resisted

slavery. Many natives were actually sold

into slavery in the British West Indies

where it was harder for them to run

away. When we're talking about Christian

liberty, freedom in Europe often meant

embracing Christianity, not so much for

Native Americans. European countries

dictated which form of Christianity to

practice and denters were often

persecuted. So we'll see Spain is a

Catholic country and England will be a

Protestant country and both countries

are not very embracing of religious

dissenters or those that go against that

religion. Freedom and authority European

kings European kings claim the right to

rule from God. This is known as the

divine right. And here is King Louis I

14th, one of the more famous divine

right rulers from France. Men had

complete authority over families. Again,

vastly different than Native American

societies that were based on matrinal.

And this idea of coverture was

especially found in England where women

surrendered their legal identities when

married. They could not own property or

sign contracts. So if a woman owned

property and she got married, her

husband would then inherit her property.

property requirements to vote limited

those that could participate in voting.

So in many if not all instances we will

see that there are property requirements

to vote. So that will reduce the amount

of people to a small amount that are

eligible to vote and many liberties that

we know today did not exist then. Things

like freedom of religion, economic

opportunities, etc. did not exist back

then. All right. Chinese and Portuguese

navigation Zang Hi. 62 ships this dude

had and 25,000 men explored the coast of

Africa. That is an enormous amount of

ships. He's basically showing off to

Africa and the world. Look at what I got

here. Who else has 62 ships and 25,000

men? Yeah, I didn't think so. And they

sought to demonstrate China's

advancements. Navigation became much

more advanced through things like the

Caraval, which is this fast ship, the

Compass, and the Quadrant, which

improved sailing efficiency. And the

Caraval was a ship that was introduced

by the Portuguese. Now, the Portuguese

are going to establish trading posts in

West Africa, this area over here in

orange, and they will focus on trading

Africans as slaves to the New World.

African slaves traditionally were

criminals and captives in Africa. And

between 1450 and 1500, 100,000 slaves

were transported to Spain and Portugal.

This number is going to skyrocket in the

New World. And we'll see in 1502, the

first slaves were sent to the Caribbean

where many of these slaves were sent.

Now, Columbus, do not think that he

thought the world was flat. He didn't.

He just thought it was smaller than what

other people thought. And he sought to

increase trade with Asia and spread

Christianity. So he wanted to seek a

water route to Asia and Spain eventually

is going to sponsor him in the Nenina

and the Pinten Santa Maria in 1492. 1492

Columbus sailed the ocean blue. All

right, let's talk about contact.

Columbus landed at the Bahamas and

Hispanola initially became the center of

the Spanish Empire right in the

Caribbean. Now Spain was inspired by

wealth, power, and the spread of

Christianity. the three Gs that you may

have heard, goal, glory, and God. By the

way, I have a video. Please check that

out in the description. Comparing

European exploration goals and European

imperial goals. Kankistadoris. These

were these leaders that overtook these

Spanish leaders that overtook Native

Americans. We have Hernand Cortez here.

He conquered the Aztecs and Tino

Chitland. And advanced weapons and

disease helped the Spanish conquer the

natives. And we see a an illustration

here. or a Native American illustration

of natives being killed by diseases,

things like smallpox and measles.

Pizarro, he conquered the Incas in Peru.

He was another concistador. And the

Colombian exchange, this is the idea of

the spread of goods, disease, and people

across the Atlantic that forever changed

both hemispheres. Very important to know

this. This stuff is in the curriculum.

So, make sure you know this. Things like

potatoes and corn from the Americas

increased the population in Europe

drastically. And horses, guns, and

diseases from Europe transformed native

life in the Americas. Again, horses on

the Great Plains, guns, these things

made honey much easier and more

efficient for Native Americans. And

diseases in some areas, as many as 90%

of Native Americans were killed as a

result of not having immunity to

European diseases. Spain sought to

acquire gold and silver. It was all

about money for these European

countries. Mexico City became its new

center in North America and will

continue to be for many many years. The

king and the Catholic Church

administered the colonies. They had a

lot of say in the power over the

colonies and Spanishes from Spain ruled

the colonies. So we'll see it's a very

strict tight control. Now natives were

enslaved initially in gold and silver

mines and they performed other labor.

One characteristic of Spanish settlement

is that most of the settlers were men

and they would often intermar with

natives. And here we have a Spanish man

married to a Native American woman and

their child was known as a mysto,

somebody who has Spanish and Native

American ancestry. So we'll see the

emergence of class systems as well.

Spain hoped to eventually assimilate or

bring the natives into Spanish society

and Spanish America eventually morphed

into combinations of native, Spanish and

African culture. So we have a blending

of these three different cultures here

in Spanish America.

Okay. So as the Spanish are conquesting,

they need to justify the exploitation of

Native Americans. And they believe the

natives were expected to adopt European

ways, especially religion. And those

that resisted were seen as univilized

heathens or savages. So they were given

an opportunity to convert. And if they

did not, they would be seen in a much

more negative light. The papal line of

demarcation was instituted by Pope

Alexander V 6 and this divided the new

world between Spain and Portugal. So we

see here this purple line. Everything to

the east belongs to Portugal and

everything to the west belongs to Spain.

That's why in Brazil they speak

Portuguese and pretty much everywhere

else they speak Spanish. Now Spain

sought to spread Catholicism throughout

the Americas. I've mentioned that

several times. That's a theme that we're

talking about. And Spain uses as a

justification in order to save Native

Americans. And enslaving natives and

converting them was a way to save them

from their backwardness. is how native

is how the Spanish would argue or

justify the treatment of native

Americans. So let's talk about Barlum

Dascases. Very important dude. You

should be familiar with him. Now he

writes something called a very brief

account of the destructiveness of the

Indies and many other writings but this

is a very important one. Here he is. He

advocated for better treatment of Native

Americans. He believed that natives were

not savages but rational beings who

deserve to be treated much better. In

1542, Spain passes things known as the

new laws which say that Indians would no

were no longer be enslaved in the encoma

system. And the encoma system was

abolished 8 years later in 1550. I have

a very detailed video on that. Check it

out in the description below as well as

other videos, powerpoints, fill in the

blanks, everything you need. It's in the

description and apushreview.com. Now the

black legend emerges and this depicted

Spain as a brutal and exploitive empire

and a lot of this goes back to Dascasus'

writings about the harsh treatment of

Spain. You see here here's a concistador

and he is feeding a Native American

child to a dog. So this really paints

Spain in a negative light. Juan Pon

Duleon he explored Florida in 1513 and

other expeditions wre havoc on native

societies in North America again due to

conquest but conquest but most

importantly due to diseases the spread

of diseases that natives were not immune

to when we're talking about Spanish

Florida Spain sought to establish a

military base in Florida the St.

Augustine is the oldest site in the US

that it has continuously been inhabited

by Europeans and the Spanish missions

were established to spread Christianity

and oftentimes they dubbed as military

bases. The southwest we'll talk about

Wand Onate and he was a concisador that

attacked and subdued natives in a coma.

The Pueblo revolt, look at that. I got

another video for you in the

description. very important turning

point in Spanish Native American

relations. Absolutely know this.

Basically, we have some Spanish friars

that sought to eliminate Pueblo Indians

practices that were inconsistent with

Christianity. So, they really cracked

down on the natives. They revolted. They

killed hundreds of Spanish and they

expelled them for 12 years, for a dozen

years. Now, eventually the Spanish

recaptured the area in 1692, but they ca

became much more tolerant and

accommodating of native practices. All

right, let's jump over to French and

Dutch empires. We'll see here New France

is in blue and the Dutch is really going

to be in one area and that's going to be

New York City. The red here is Great

Britain or the English Empire which

we'll talk about in the next chapter.

Now, New Netherland and New France, they

focus more on trade than settlement in

large numbers of colonists.

The French in particular, initially they

were only fishermen and fur traders that

settled in North America. Samuel de

Champlain founded Quebec in6008. as one

year after the English settlement of

Jamestown and there was no

representative assembly in New France.

So the French government much like the

Spanish had tight control over New

France. 80% of the settlers were men.

Guess who they're going to intermar

with? You got it? Native Americans. And

we'll see the emergence of a group of

people known as Matis. Me- Tis. They

will be mixed French and mixed Native

American ancestry. So the French again

they focused on the fur trade and this

required friendly relations with the

natives. They got along pretty well with

native Americans. Christian Indians were

allowed more autonomy or independence or

self-ruule than from other European

countries. And the Mateis, as I just

mentioned, children of French and Native

American ancestry. The Dutch Empire,

Henry Hudson, he explored New York on

behalf of the Dutch East India Company.

And the Dutch were the ones that

invented the joint stock company. This

is when people get together and pull

their money together and invest in

colonies. This is the prelude to

capitalism in the corporation that is

around today. All right. Dutch freedom,

freedom of press and private religious

practice was afforded to the Dutch in

private, not in public, but in private.

Initially, the Dutch dominated the

Atlantic slave trade. And unlike the

English, Dutch women were were able to

keep separate legal identities when

married. In private, individuals were

allowed to practice the religion, but

not in public. Religious descent was

tolerated so long as it remained

private. So, it is okay to practice a

different religion, but you better keep

it to yourself. According to the Dutch,

and individuals were not executed for

holding the wrong religious beliefs in

New Netherland.

All right. Settling New Netherland. The

Dutch encouraged migration by giving

free land after 6 years to people who

would settle there. Many immigrants did

not settle in New Netherland, but in

other areas of North America. The Dutch

sought to trade and not to conquer North

America. And again, New Netherland, New

Amsterdam, right here in present day New

York City. Settle in native territory

could not occur until the land was

purchased from natives. So, the Dutch

treated the natives much better and

actually paid them for the land instead

of taking it. Commonalities between the

French, Spanish, and Dutch in terms of

exploration. Well, we had the spread of

Christianity, use of technology, new

legal systems, and economic enterprises

such as the joint stock company,

warfare, and disease were all a result.

All right, let's do a quick recap of

this chapter. Maze know it. Southwestern

portion of the United States, its corn,

great plains, hunters, lack resources,

things like the horse and guns, how it

transformed Native American life. Native

religion and gender roles be able to

describe them. Coventure, what the heck

does that mean? Oh, that's right. It's

when women gave up rights reasons for

the exploration know the 3Gs. New

technology like the caravl like the

compass, the Colombian exchange. Holy

cow know the impacts on the Americas as

well as Europe. What was justification

for treatment of natives? How did the

Spanish justify their harsh treatment?

Then come system. What the heck is that

thing and why did it end? The Pueblo

revolt. Why could that be considered a

successful failure? And finally

comparing the Spanish, French and Dutch

colonies. Definitely know them. that is

screaming to me a short answer or an

essay topic. All right, thank you guys

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