Management Practices

[Music]

let's take a look at management

practices

several research programs in the 1960s

prompted researchers

to adopt different management practices

the aim of these research programs was

to offer alternative ways of managing

and contrast

to the dominant methods of the time

because humans inherently dislike work

most people must be concerned

controlled directed threatened with

punishment

to get them to put forth adequate effort

towards the achievement of

organizational objectives

under theory y people will exercise

self-direction and self-control

in the service of objectives to which

they're committed commitment to

objectives is a function of the rewards

associated with their achievement

researchers concluded that adopting the

beliefs of theory y was necessary to

bring about

innovative advances in products

technologies and solutions to existing

problems

they recommended several ways to put

theory-wide assumptions into practice

including documenting job descriptions

restructuring the performance appraisal

process

and more effectively managing salary

increases and promotions

another study asked managers to think of

the most productive and least productive

divisions in their organization

and to place them on a continuum

reflecting their management practices

labeled as systems one

through four managers use

fear threats and intimidation to coerce

employees to act

decisions are made at the top of the

organization and no

teamwork is present in explorative

management

benevolent authoritative managers

occasionally use rewards

but also punishment most decisions are

made at the highest levels but some

decision making with a narrow set of

guidelines is made at lower levels

in consultative management managers use

reward and occasional punishment

many decisions are made at the top but

are left for open decision making at

lower levels

teamwork is frequently present

participative managers involve groups in

setting and measuring goals

decision making is done throughout the

organization and is characterized

by involvement and participation

the most productive departments were run

using a participative group management

style

and that the least productive

departments were led by managers who

modeled

an explorative authoritarian style

in another study researchers noticed

that management practices could be

plotted on a chart

where the manager demonstrated a degree

of concern for production

and a concern for people

each of these could be mapped on a grid

with a score from one

low to nine high a high concern for

production but a low concern for people

was referred to as a 9-1 style

and so on as a result of the studies

researchers advocated for a 9 9 approach

to management in which managers

demonstrate

both a high concern for production and a

high concern for people

they noted that the 99 style creates a

healthier environment because people can

work together

when there's trust and mutual support

scholars began to rethink commonly held

assumptions about management

and human behavior

you