What Is Inside A Black Hole?

how many numbers would you need to

describe the

moon to begin with it's pockmarked with

a wide variety of craters from different

asteroid impacts over billions of years

a similar exomoon orbiting a similar EXO

Earth in a different solar system even

if superficially alike would have a

completely different pattern of asteroid

impacts to characterize each precisely

at a minimum we would need to give two

coordinates latitude and longitude for

every one of the thousands of craters

along with the size of each crater very

rapidly we find ourselves needing

thousands of numbers to describe a moon

even before we start talking about the

chemical composition of the moon's

surface and how that varies in different

regions the number of numbers we need

quickly expands from thousands to

millions and

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Beyond and that is just a moon one of

the comparatively more simple objects in

the cosmos

how many more numbers would it take to

describe a planet a star a nebula or

indeed how many numbers would it take to

describe the most massive single object

in the entire

universe a black

hole the answer for these monsters may

surprise

you three three numbers and no

more no matter how heavy they they are

no matter where they were formed no

matter whether they are in our own Milky

Way galaxy or a billion light years away

three numbers and only three are

sufficient to Define them completely on

the one hand this makes black holes seem

like very simple objects only three

parameters are necessary to classify

them their Mass electric charge and

angular momentum know these three

numbers and you have everything and yet

there are an enormous number of ways to

form a black hole they can be formed by

gradually swallowing up gas and dust

over billions of years they can be

formed by the direct collapse of a

massive star in a type 2 Supernova

perhaps yet another could grow through

repeated merges of other black hole

pairs we could even imagine a

hypothetical black hole formed from the

contents of every encyclopedia and every

electronic Data Bank of every

civilization in the Galaxy every piece

of information and every single number

ever thought or said by anyone ever

anything and everything in the universe

can go into a black hole and yet once it

is formed all of that information is

reduced to three numbers how the black

hole was made and what went into it

becomes almost

irrelevant and so the question is given

this almost uncountably large number of

possibilities for making a black hole

how can they then be described by just

three numbers where is all the other

information gone has the black hole

forgotten about its origins or does this

information survive in some hidden

form just what is inside a black hole

and what could it mean for the rest of

the

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YouTube in the 1780s the position of a

country priest in the Church of England

was not especially demanding a large

house with a decent income a group of

servants to do the household chores and

younger curates to take services and

visit the sick to those who wanted it a

lazy life of leisure was on offer but to

those who wanted something more there

was time to think deeply about the world

around them and this is how English

Parson John Mitchell spent his

time by the 1780s Mitchell had a pretty

good idea of how gravity worked a

century earlier Isaac Newton's theory of

universal gravitation had shocked the

scientific World gravity Newton argued

was a universal Force anything that had

Mass gravitated pulled instantaneously

on everything else nothing could avoid

the force of gravity not even Mitchell

mused light itself for as well as

thinking about gravity Newton had also

argued that light consisted of tiny

individual particles little atoms of

Light which we would Now call photons if

this theory of light as particles were

true and gravity was Universal then

gravity should be acting on these tiny

particles of light tugging at them and

pulling them back and Mitchell also knew

that light traveled fast very very fast

indeed earlier in the 18th century the

astronomer James Bradley had measured

the speed of light and measured it well

and accurately through thinking about

the aberration of light from distant

stars as the Earth moves through its

orbit the vector combination of the

velocity of the Earth and the velocity

of light changes just a tiny amount but

enough to change very slightly the

apparent location of stars in the sky

through this the speed of light was

known to be around 180,000

m/s this was fast but not

infinite and finally intuitively

Mitchell knew that an object thrown

upwards would fall back down but if

thrown upwards fast enough this does not

happen instead it is enough speed to

escape the Earth's gravity and reach

space the threshold value known as the

escape Velocity is the minimal speed of

vertical launch required to escape a

planet's gravity and reach Infinite

Space it's an easy calculation in

Newton's theory of gravity to work out

this escape velocity for any given

planet and how it depends on the size

and density of the object the more

massive the object and the more dense it

is the bigger the escape

velocity for example for the moon this

escape velocity is around 2.4 km/s for

the Earth this becomes around 11.2 km/s

for Jupiter just under 60 km/s and for

her own Sun roughly 617

km/s but imagine an even denser body

what about a body thought Mitchell which

was sufficiently dense that its escape

velocity exceeded the speed of life

light for such a body the light emitted

from the surface would not be able to

escape in this case such a body would

appear as gravitationally massive but

entirely dark trapping even light under

the pull of its Gravity the language and

argument here is that of Newtonian

physics that would be replaced by

Einstein's theories but the concept it

is describing lives on and is clearly

recognizable and Mitchell's work was