Class 1

Hello everyone. A very good evening to

all.

>> Good evening.

>> Evening. Good evening everyone.

So [snorts]

I Sharma welcome you all.

It's hang

just a minute.

Uh, sorry. Am I audible to all of you

now?

There's some problems. Yes.

Okay.

Okay. So, uh, I welcome all of you PT

here. First

hi Gorav Sharma and uh from today

onwards I'll take your

uh all the four modules classes.

Okay. So what is the subject for today?

Have you received the

>> DB design?

>> Database design.

Yeah it's DDC. That's great.

So, okay, 44 participants are there. So,

all of you please start your lapkins.

So, it will be better for us so that we

can

make this session more interactive.

Okay, some of the students are from

previous class. Who's my mama? Are you

from the previous class? Are you done

new one?

Previous class. Great.

Okay. Some of the students I found from

the previous class

and some names are new for me.

Okay. So uh

I hope that the previous years or

previous semester students are having

some idea about the rules regulations.

Okay. But don't worry

I will start with scratch. Okay.

So uh as you know it's a database design

concepts class. Okay. And uh basically

it's a a class or subject designed

specially for backend design. Okay. So

as you know if we are developing

software so softwarees uh we can break

into two parts that is front end and

back end. Okay. So uh for the front end

design we are having number of uh

languages including these scripting

languages as well. Okay. Suppose you are

designing a website. Okay. So for

website you are having a number of

scripting languages for supporting uh

different type of task like if you want

to write some uh lemon structure so it's

for uh this purpose we are having the

HTML hypertext markup language to uh

designing for the you can say that for

simple structure or static structure we

we generally use HTML and if you want to

implement ment more uh design or

animations into that for for that

purpose we uh require uh JavaScripts and

uh CSS okay so a lot many things are

there so in the same manner we are

having PHP also okay it's as a mediator

between the front end back end okay but

uh whatever visible to us in front of us

uh is basically a front end design for

that purpose we having number of

languages and scripted packages. Okay.

But uh a very important part is the back

end. So ultimately whatever we are doing

whatever the uh communication we are

performing information we are gathering

displaying something on the screen for

that purpose we require only one

only one type of

uh backend process that's called

database. Okay. So database is a common

among all. Okay. So whether you are

using Java or uh C, C++

or other languages. Okay. So for front

end type of problems we are having

number of languages but at back end when

we talk about that uh if you have to

handle the databases so we are having

DBMS. Okay. So although number of TBMS

are there but uh the concepts are much

are more same and common for all of

these. Okay. So uh a big giant company

like Oracle. Oracle is a very famous

company which is in this field of

backend design. Okay. Along with that uh

some more companies like IBM DB2 is

there. Okay. and uh MSXS

a small capable of designing a small DBM

is also there. Okay. So hopefully you

have heard about that MSXS. Okay. So

although whether you are using the IBM

DB2 or uh you are using the Oracle or

MSXS mostly what happens that the

concepts of DBMS remain same. Okay. So

means we are having only one choice in

case of back end. And in other words if

I try to explain you the importance of

DBMS. Okay. So uh you can think uh like

any you can think about any type of

software. Okay. So whatever the

application based software you have

think okay you have listened or you have

heard about in every type of uh software

the one thing is common what actually we

are collecting the information we are

fetching the information or we are

maintaining the databases okay so it's

all about maintaining databases nothing

more than this okay so you can take an

example like I'm giving you some of the

examples like library management total

management hospital management

uh payroll systems or uh some other type

of management systems. So ultimately

what you are doing train booking systems

or online uh e-commerce applications.

Okay. So ultimately at the end what you

are doing either you are collecting the

information, you are processing the

information, fetching the information or

storing the uh databases more or less.

So the one thing common among all is

what the database. So uh whatever you

are designing okay the one thing common

is the very important part is DBMS. So

that's why DBMS is very important. Okay.

So whether you are uh try to u means uh

work on the scripting languages or you

are even you are learning the some

advanced type of uh languages like if

you are working on react okay if you are

working on some net okay so in all of

them ultimately at the back end you have

to maintain the DBMS okay so for front

end number of languages are there but at

the back end we are having only one

choice that is DBMS. So you can see uh

like uh again if you can take the

example of any companies. So ultimately

the one person the one post is required

for DBMS. Okay. So the number of persons

not one person the number of person as a

team required for maintaining the

databases. Okay. So databases is very

much important. So ultimately

suppose we can take one example like

suppose you are uh you have developed

the ticket processing system okay ticket

booking system [snorts] uh maybe you are

working on uh booking uh bus tickets

okay so what happens ultimately it is uh

maintaining the database okay means you

are working on the tables

okay Abdullah Zubar but try to connect

as fast as possible.

Okay. Okay. Uh so again I'm taking one

example of ticket booking process.

Suppose you are booking the tickets

online. So ultimately what happens you

are updating the table or database.

Okay. Suppose I'm taking one example.

Suppose you are booking tickets a bus

ticket. Okay. So you are having total 50

tickets. Okay. So the total tickets are

50. Out of that maybe 25 are already

occupied. Okay. And 25 are available.

Suppose if you perform any task any

process to book more four tickets. Okay.

You have applied you have requested to

book four tickets. So what happens? So

what is this? Ultimately you are

updating the table. Okay. So ticket

booking process is what at the end you

are just updating the table. It means

you earlier what happens 25 are occupied

25 are free after performing your

operation now 29 becomes occupied and 21

becomes free. Okay. So more or less

ultimately what happens that it is uh it

is all about uh updating the database.

Okay. So uh so this is what one example.

Okay. So uh you can take the example of

payroll systems. Have you heard about

the payroll systems? Anyone?

[snorts]

>> Yes.

>> Payroll management system. So what we do

in payroll management system? Anyone?

>> Yeah. What we do?

>> Manages the

employees and their mayaries.

Yeah. Yeah. Very good. So, uh in payroll

management system, we are uh having one

automatic uh system uh capable of

generating paylips. Okay. So, when we

are generating the paylips, so it is not

that much easy number of calculations

are there that how many number of days

you have work for that month. Okay.

Okay. So based on the number of days

multiplied by some per day salary along

with that some extra perks are there

maybe some daring allowances or some

taxes they have to deduct and some

percentage of uh incentives they are

giving okay lot many things are there.

So at the end of the month uh based on

your performance the this system is

calculating your salary. Okay. So number

of employees are there and for every

employee they have to calculate the

salary print the pay slips and hand over

people. Okay. So what is this ultimately

it is all about maintaining the

database. Okay. So database means every

employee suppose in your company in your

organization 50 employees are working

and you have developed the payroll

management system. So that payroll

management system what they are doing

they are actually responsible for

generating the pay slips but at the end

they are maintaining the salary and much

more things that will be uh divides

later on. Okay they are maintaining the

salary of each and every employee. Okay

in one table or number of tables. Okay.

So at the end what they are doing they

are maintaining the table or databases.

Okay getting this in this way you can

take the example of hotel management

system. So what happens in hotel

management system you are again booking

the uh uh the rooms. Okay free the room

booking the rooms. So uh you can take

the example of banking system also if

debit and credit going on. So ultimately

one a table is there. Okay, balance

table is there and uh you are performing

the debit and credit. Okay, so

ultimately they have to enter they have

to uh means enter all the activities you

have performed the banks in the form of

bank statement. Okay. And you can uh see

all your activities at the uh end of the

month in the form of bank statement.

Okay. So what is that bank statement?

Ultimately it's a database or a table uh

that bank is maintaining. Okay. So, uh

this is these are some example with the

help of which you can uh understand the

importance of uh that uh uh you can say

databases. Okay.

What doing this more work less clicks.

[snorts]

Okay.

So, uh now

uh let us uh discuss about uh uh the

syllabus or some of the rules,

regulations and important dates. Okay.

And bifurcation of your uh you can say

the entire subject. Okay. Just give me a

minute. I'm sharing one sheet with you.

Okay. [snorts]

So this is called the assessment brief

contains

a lot many important information.

Uh hopefully

you can uh later on

means all these informations are

available on your portal as well. But uh

uh let us discuss it. [snorts]

So we have entered into the semester of

session January 2026.

Okay. [snorts] This is a January 2026

semester. Okay. The name of our module

is database design concepts. Okay.

And uh you can see uh this not only this

subject but uh all the four subjects

which you are uh learning in this

semester

are uh having some bifurcation. Okay,

which is common among all the subjects

that is it is divided into two task.

Okay. So your semester is your every

subject is divided into two task that is

task one and task two. Okay. In task one

uh you have to submit one report. Okay.

So uh uh before that let me explain you

that your entire syllabus has been

divided into four allows okay learning

outcomes you can say. So let let me show

you the learning outcomes first.

So these are your learning outcomes

and these learning outcomes are uh just

like a uh units for you. Okay. So all

your subjects are divided into four

units. So like in the first units you

are going to understand databases and

data management systems. Okay. Means a

kind of introduction about the databases

and uh data management systems. And in

learning outcome two uh you will

understand the database design

techniques. Okay. And in learning

outcome three we'll be able to design,

create and uh document the databases.

And learning outcome four will be able

to maintain databases. Okay. So these

are the headings of that uh chapters you

can say.

Uh

uh is that not uh visible to all of you?

[snorts]

Is my screen is visible? Anybody?

>> Visible.

>> Visible.

>> Yes.

>> Visible. Okay.

So, uh maybe there is a problem at your

end.

Okay. Mohammad Darim.

Please check it. Okay. Because mostly

everyone is saying

that it is visible. Okay.

[snorts]

So,

so what we were discussing, I'm saying

that your uh the entire subject is

divided into the outcomes. Okay,

learning outcomes. And these learning

outcomes are just like the uh four

units, you can say units or four

chapters. Okay, and uh

let me just see the uh these

outcomes in details as well.

Okay. Okay. Mohamad Harim, that's great.

So

in the first uh

you can see that learning outcome one is

again subdivided into 1.1 and 1.2 and

see here. Okay. So this sheet I will

provide to you. Don't worry about that.

Okay. Although it is available on the

portal.

Yeah, it is available on portal at uh if

you want I will share it the chat box as

well. Okay, don't worry about it. But

concentrate on the uh the syllabus.

Okay, it's a it's a syllabus for you. So

in the uh you can see the learning

outcome one. This we will going to

discuss in detail. That's it. Okay. So,

analyze the key issues in the

applications of databases

within organizational environment.

So, uh in short you can say we were uh

we going to discuss the fundamental

aspects of datp

aspects what are the key points

introductory points fundamental parts of

databases. Okay. with respect to some

organizational databases. Okay, that a

kind of databases which you are

implementing in the going to be

implemented particular organization.

Okay. So we'll try to identify the key

issues and applications of databases and

we'll try to implement it. Okay. We'll

identify it, analyze it and try to

implement it. Okay. The next one is uh

in the 1.2 do we'll try to identify

critical evaluate the features and

advantage of DBMS okay we'll learn about

the features the advantages the

characteristics the disadvantages we'll

compare all this okay and discuss the

introduction of SQL so SQL is very

important part okay this is called the

structured query language and uh this is

a kind of tool practical tool okay

through which we'll try to understand

that how DBMS how different tables we

can create the tables we can insert the

records we can patch the records how we

can maintain the databases okay so uh

you can say that uh the subject is will

is basically divided into the

theoretical as well as practical part

okay so at the same time I will discuss

the theory and uh I will try to devote

some of the uh uh some of the time of

the class to perform some practice

practical essay. Okay.

So for that purpose

uh yeah of course for that purpose uh uh

you need not to uh means download any

type of software. So I will provide you

the uh online

uh uh platform on that platform if you

are accessing the internet so you can

easily write the queries okay and run

that queries only because what happens

that I I'm not having any issue that if

you are downloading the Oracle okay and

SQL is one of the tool but what happens

that Oracle is a very heavyweight type

of software okay so for downloading the

uh or first of all the license versions

are available it is very costly but

although if you are able to anyhow

manage this uh but what happens that it

requires at least 8 to 10 GB of uh space

in your computer systems and heavy

software is there so uh it is not only

heavy but slow down the speed of the

computer systems as well okay so better

to run the queries online Okay. So I

will provide you uh one link SQL live

link. At that link you can practice all

the queries. Okay. So a very good

platform free of cost available and you

can write your queries and you can run

your output. You can see your outputs

you can run your queries as well. Okay.

So u in in the every class we'll try to

divide our class into in such a manner

so that uh one part in one part we'll

learn the theory and in another part

we'll try to learn how to implement that

uh theory okay not theory but we'll try

to implement that how practically we can

uh see that how databases are working

okay so uh in the first learning outcome

it is already mentioned that we can

start discuss the SQL. Okay. In the

learning outcome two, you can see here

the learning outcome to again divided

into two parts that is 2.1 and 2.2.

Okay. So in the first part uh that is

called the analyze a database

development methodology for designing a

database. Okay. we'll try to analyze

that how we can develop the database and

what are the methodologies are there to

design the database. Okay. So in this

category we'll try to learn different

type of models uh which are available in

the DBMS or databases and we'll compare

all these models and we'll analyze that

what are fit for uh our problem. Okay.

It depends on the type of problem you

are having. Okay. So next a very

important part is the EI diagrams. Okay.

So EI diagrams and normalization. So

this is very much important. Two things

are very much important that is SQL and

another one is EI diagrams. Okay. Why

I'm saying that it is important because

this is the core part for writing the

reports. Okay. So majorly in your report

writing we'll use these concepts. Okay.

So no report is complete without

developing EI diagram or without writing

the SQL queries. Okay, this is very much

important. So in this way the two

learning outcomes one is fundamental

part and another is uh in another we'll

discuss the models and uh EI diagrams.

Okay, in this way it's being divided.

Next one is

you can see the learning outcome three

which is again divided into 3.1 3.2 two.

Okay. So in this 3.1 we'll discuss the

database development life cycle.

Okay. So what is the systematic way of

developing uh databases big databases.

Okay. So development like software

development it's a complete process. So

number of uh stages are there and we

have to uh we have to uh run execute

each and every stage and every stage uh

after performing their task give their

output to the next stage. Okay. So a

collaboration is there between different

stages and at the end you will got the

complete databases. Okay. So development

of a complete DBMS or database solution.

uh for developing this you have to

follow the complete life cycle okay so

we'll learn this that how this life

cycle will be built and uh how it is

very useful to develop DBS okay and in

the 3.2 two we'll discuss how to design

a database. Okay, how we can design it

and related commands which are useful

for that. Okay, so it [snorts] perform

the given set of commands to your

databases with all the required tables

and relations. Okay, not only we will

discuss the development of single table

but we'll discuss that how different

tables are interconnected with each

other. Okay, in the last part you can

say the fourth ALO okay learning outcome

four again divided into 4.1 and 4.2

In the 4.1 we'll evaluate the

effectiveness of the database solution.

Okay. And how we can maintain it. So

yeah table dependencies also. Yeah.

Okay. So in this we'll try to learn that

once your database has been generated.

Okay. So again how we can improve this.

Okay. and how we can maintain this.

Maintenance is very important. So, uh

software maintenance is a very integral

part of our computer science. So, what

happens that once we develop the

software, okay, software development is

only one part which takes the only 30 to

40% of the efforts in the entire

development. Let's say rest of the 60 to

70% of the efforts are maintenance.

Okay. And it's a lifelong process. It's

a continuous process. So once we

deliver, once we complete the

development of the project, we deploy

the project. After deploying the real

problem

uh is basically faced by the end user

and the developer. Okay. It's a

continuous process. whenever they feel

uh any improvement, any modifications

needed so they have to contact to the

developers. Okay. So it's a very

important part. You can see that number

of companies are surviving just for the

maintenance. Okay. very big giant

companies are uh still earning their

profits on the basis of maintenance

because after deployment of a solution

onto the company it's a kind of solution

which no one is going to be replaced on

every year okay replacement is not

possible once a software is deployed so

anyhow you have to continue for lifelong

okay

so uh Yes, of course. And change and

modification is a process. Suppose you

have installed one software keeping in

mind that you are having only four

departments but but what happens that in

upcoming years your organization broke.

So maybe you launch some new products,

you increase the strength of employees,

maybe your departments have been

increased from four to six. Okay. So the

uh earlier software solution cannot

work. So you have to modify your

software and whenever you have to modify

your software so you it goes into the

maintenance part. Okay. So only those

who actually develop that software can

perform this maintenance. Okay. That's

why I'm saying it's a long lifelong

process. Okay. So maintenance is also

very important and at the end we'll

learn that how we can maintain our

software. Okay. So [snorts] this is what

the entire syllabus is a short idea

about the entire syllabus. Okay. But why

we have discussed this uh syllabus

because we have to concentrate on this

part.

Okay. So what is that part? This is what

the task one and task two. Okay. So what

happens that learning outcome one and

two

this is basically a kind of syllabus

responsible for writing reports. So

first two units in your entire semester.

So you have to submit one report. Okay.

So don't worry what you have to perform

in your report. We will provide you we

will provide you the complete structure

the complete number of questions. Okay.

And you have to identify the answers of

that questions and you have to write

your answers in your own words and

submit and create a complete report and

submit that report. Okay. So uh

basically what happens that the entire

semester

you [snorts] can see the weightage is

divided into two parts. 50% of the

weightage has been given to your report

writing and 50% of the uh of the

weightage has been given to your uh end

semester exam. Okay. So your end

semester exam uh the syllabus for that

is LO3 and LO4. Okay. And don't worry

it's online exam. Okay. But the question

asked in this exam from LO3 and LO4.

Okay. So in this way your syllabus is

divided. Is that clear? Or any question

related to this?

[gasps and snorts]

Fra

welcome again.

Aisha Babatra.

Great

Shibban Mohammed. Okay. Uh hopefully

the most of the things are clear to you

and very important thing is the dates.

Okay. So you can see the dates are also

mentioned. So uh this these are the

important dates.

Yeah. Exam will be online.

Okay Mohammed Ali. So exam will be

online. Don't worry about the exams. It

is a far away from us. But the nearby

task is your report writing. Okay. So we

will uh do more focus on this report

writing. So as usually the first thing

is the slavers. The slavers for the

report writing is L1 and LO2. Okay. The

second thing is be prepared yourself for

the target date. Okay. So this is the

submission week. So one complete

submission week is there that is uh you

have to submit your report in between 11

to 16 April. Okay. So meanwhile we are

in January. So we are having uh one big

break in between the March hopefully.

Okay. So but

uh you are having uh a complete half of

January and the full of February. Okay.

So in between these I will try to

complete all these uh

these two allows. Okay. And meanwhile

don't wait for

end of the session. Try to write or try

to create some notes.

Okay. based on the learnings based on

the every week learning. Okay. So what

happens that uh whatever we will discuss

in every week

uh well actually what happens that

report writing is based on the real life

examples. Okay. So after learning the

things try to take some examples and

implement it uh on uh on your uh by

using this learnings okay so examples

are very important and uh some of the

example I continuously discuss with you

don't worry about that but what I'm

trying to say do not wait for the uh end

of the time duration okay so try to note

it down or create your own notes or

write something take your own uh uh

examples and do discuss with me okay if

you are facing [clears throat] some some

problems uh because it's a very crucial

part and 50% of the witness has been

given to this report writing okay it's

it's a very important thing so uh the

thing is that

uh and uh during the discussion I will

uh try to make it make you clear that uh

how to write the reports and what type

of questions we are going to ask the

reports. Okay. and uh how to uh what are

the rules regulations especially uh for

writing the reports because uh the last

semester students are having the idea

okay but new students I I will explain

you uh in detail that what are the rules

you have to follow okay because in short

if I'm saying that no cut copy paste are

allowed okay if you are thinking that

you just copy paste it from uh Google or

try to write it uh with the help of chat

GPD so it is not going to be work. Okay.

So we are having a a very efficient

software plagism software. This plag

software capable of identify the uh you

can say the uh genuinity of your uh

work. Okay. Yeah. It's called turn it

in. Okay.

Yeah. So turn it in software is there.

So uh if you are thinking that you can

copy paste it from anywhere this is very

efficient software and capable of

identifying whether you have uh put the

genuine efforts in the report or not.

Okay. Clear.

So this is the wiperation where 50%

means 50 marks. You can see here this is

the viperation. Okay. So 1.1 to 2.2.

Okay. If we add all 12.5 so it becomes

50. Okay. So in the same man error the

rest 3.1 to 4.2 is uh if you calculate

it uh add it so it becomes 50. Okay. So

you can see the total marks is 100.

Okay.

So 50% of the weightage for report

writing and 50 for the uh end semester

exams. Okay. So for the end semester

exam also uh the dates are mentioned

here. You can see 20 to 28th June. Okay.

and it is very far away from us but we

should have to concentrate on this.

Okay.

And uh in the same uh assessment brief

some of the links are uh provided here.

So you can use the some expected sources

which are available online. You can

refer this. Okay. And uh along with that

uh some of the rules regulations have

been written over here. uh we'll discuss

it but uh in short you can see uh that

how to uh you can say what name we

should have to give to the file okay you

should have to create the file in PDF

form or word format so you have to save

this file by some names so names have

been mentioned here that in this way you

can create your file okay or save your

files

and uh

mid- semester reports some of the idea

they have written over here. Okay, we'll

discuss it later. Along with that uh uh

one link has been provided to you. Uh in

that link by using this you can access

the library as well. Have you got this

link to access the library? Yes,

>> online library

per log I think. So this this type of

name is there. Uh yeah, you you can use

that that link also to uh find some of

the uh resources. Okay. So you can learn

from that also. Okay.

So

yeah uh it is very important. I'm going

to discuss this uh for reminding me.

Thank you. So uh the another part is the

break times. Okay.

Or you can say that how we can divide

our class. So although the duration for

that class is three

at half hours total. Okay. And out of

that uh the half hour is for break time

15 15 minutes two breaks. We'll take two

breaks uh in between that uh in between

that uh three and a half hours. Okay. So

but uh the first break is very crucial

and uh from uh your uh college uh I got

this information that the uh

with me it is called uh

around uh yeah we have to align with the

prayer time and [snorts] that prayer

time is what um

six not six 7

around 7. No, my time it is 7:50.

>> Okay. From your side, what is that?

>> 7:36 is the time for the

>> What is the time?

>> 7:36.

>> It's 7:30. Prayer time.

>> Yes.

>> Yeah. Prayer prayer time has been uh

always start with 7:30. You are saying

>> the air time is at 7:36.

>> 7:36. Okay. So, we'll try to take break

around this. Okay.

Around 70s they have provided me. Just

just a minute. Let's see what has been

written.

>> [clears throat]

>> Break time is where is just a bit.

Uh I found my

where is my

in my mobile they have written to just

give me

okay so uh

I got the

message

to take break at uh

okay

7:25

is that correct? 7:25

7:25 to 740

Is that okay [snorts]

or we have to take it uh much more

later?

So I I have been instructed to take

break at around 7:25 to 7:40.

Ibrahim

Okay. It's

[snorts] okay. Uh we will

I will take it more uh 5 minutes. We'll

take more 5 minutes. Okay. We'll take

7:30. No problem at all. 7:30 to 7:45.

Okay. It's quite better.

Yeah, accordingly I will take the second

break just after uh 1 hour. Okay. So it

totally depends that on on what time we

are taking the first break. Okay. So uh

whatever the timings are of the first

break is there. So just after because in

second break there's no problem.

No such kind of issue is there the

second break but uh

there should be a normal consensus for

the uh first break. Okay. Yeah. At the

uh end. Okay. So the half an hour uh we

will reserve for uh taking the

attendance and uh for and for uh your

problems. Okay. So the last half an hour

is reserved for resolving your problems

or your questions. Okay. And the

attendance part

and rest of the time is dedicated for

our normal discussion [snorts] and

especially in DBMS the one part is for

theory and another part is some of the

practical we will do. Okay. So in this

way we'll continue our discussion.

Got this? any problem into that.

[snorts and gasps]

Okay. So let me start with my PB just

give

>> [snorts]

>> Okay. So let us start

just a bit.

Okay. So uh before starting let us once

again uh focus on the books uh standard

books. So uh what happens that uh you

should have to uh means it's uh

advisable to learn the things from the

books. Okay. Because books are very much

important for learning

and uh we being a human is designed in

such a way that if we are learning from

books. So not only uh we'll get the

genuine uh information but uh when we

are learning through the books uh we

will able to uh remember this

information for a long time duration.

Okay. And each and everything are much

more clear. So I'm talking about the

standard books available for DBMS.

Although the name of your subject is

database uh concepts okay database

design concepts but actually the subject

is very well known as database

management system. Okay. So widely it is

used as DBMS. Okay. All the both the

things are almost same. So for that

purpose we are having these number of

books.

Um I'm not sure that it is uh basically

these are very well-known books. So it

is not

uh free of cost available. Okay. But you

can check your prologue. So online

library that is that available in the

online library or not. Although what

whatever the books we have mentioned in

that blog so it is uh available but for

these books you should have to refer

okay you have should have to cross check

it okay please try to cross check but

I'm just giving you one idea that these

are some well-known like fourth okay so

this is the first book sorry

just

the first book that is database system

concepts

so syllabus Henry and fourth. This is a

very famous book. Okay. And majorly

students are

those

who are learning DBMS are following this

course. Okay. Course is writer. So when

I'm uh in my uh you can say that college

days. So we usually refer these books.

Okay. At that time internet was not

there not that much popular. No YouTube

channels are there. Okay. So at that

time this is a very famous book and

[snorts] likewise for some of the uh

concepts like uh if you want to learn

about the normalizations and other

topics for that Ramse al-Masari

okay so fundamental of DBMS systems and

been written by Nawat also this is also

very famous book okay so these two books

are very important and goods so you can

refer these two books Okay.

Now let us talk about so what we are

going to discuss. Okay. So we are uh

starting from the data very important

part and uh uh this is you can say not

the introduction but from the right now

the your actual class has been started.

So

uh tight your seat belts. We are

starting now. Okay. So as the DBMS says

that a database management system or if

I'm saying that your own subject

database design concepts in both the

things what are common the common is

data okay so data data everywhere. So uh

what happens that because

okay mus have you checked that this is

free of cost available that's great okay

so what happens that [snorts]

uh data is very important nowadays okay

and everyone is talking about the data

[snorts] not only for DBMS also but for

the uh very famous concepts we are using

like artificial Intell [clears throat]

sorry artificial intelligence okay

[snorts] have heard about that

artificial intelligence

so the for the artificial intelligence

also if I'm saying that AI or machine

learning so AI or machine learning is

nothing it's a kind of course okay the

software or program [snorts] which we

have uh designed uh creatively Okay. So

what happens that that code or design

cannot work alone. Okay. They cannot

work by themsel. Okay.

>> Okay. The link is also available. Yeah.

Share the link with us. Okay. Yeah.

Chity is a great example for that. So

what happen that

that your uh AI systems or machine

learning systems also that they they

cannot do alone they the uh simple

program cannot do anything. So the thing

is that the important part is the data.

Okay. So without data AI is nothing. You

can say that data is a kind of fuel for

AI. And

another thing is data is not a fuel for

AI but data is a fuel for everyone. And

uh you can say in short data becomes new

fuel for the world. Okay. So as the uh

you can say petrol and diesel is

important. Okay. But along with that

nowadays at the same time data is also

very important. So everyone is looking

for data. Everyone is fighting for data.

Okay. So everyone even every country

trying to store or save their data

within their territory. No one wants

that another country will capture their

data or misuse their data. Okay. So the

world of data is uh very very expanded

you can say [snorts] but let us discuss

about this data from the very uh you can

say that fundamental. Okay. So first of

all you can see my picture. So uh

let us discuss that from where we are

getting this data. Okay. So we are

getting this data from various places.

For example,

uh transport data. Okay,

uh number of uh transport data you can

say transportation system data. Okay. It

includes both logistics or uh normal

passenger vehicles. Okay. Yes, of course

they are maintaining data. So you are

having a complete bus route path time

table. Okay. So every bus or vehicle has

the fixed route. Okay. The route and on

which they are covering the number of

cities. Okay. They are carrying the

passengers the cost of the ticket. So

data number huge amount of data is

there. Okay. Uh the data of

geographical

geographical locations are there. Okay.

So distance places

one city another city how much distance

is there where they has located okay how

much uh uh you can say that uh

different type of routes are possible

okay from a city to B city

cultural data okay so cultural I hope so

that uh it's a very simple I think you

can understand that every country every

uh the part of that country has a

different type of cultures. So we are

maintaining the their uh culture in

different forms in language. So every

country has their own language. Okay,

their own grammar, their own dictionary.

Okay, they're maintaining it. Scientific

data we are maintaining. Okay, so huge

amount of scientific data. uh data

related to uh different type of genes uh

DNA uh viruses bacterias okay uh

recently you have we have gone through

the covid pandemic as well okay so a lot

many different type of medical datas

also there okay financial data okay uh

related to banks or financial

organization uh share markets so a lot

of lot of datas are there okay they are

maintaining

Stat stat statistical data are also

there. Population relative data

>> [snorts]

>> uh data related to uh uh means uh uh we

budget budgets we are launching. Okay.

And uh how many uh different type of

things means governments are working for

that literacy rate. Okay. Poverty rate

and different type of statistics are

there. Okay. Based on that statistics,

governments are uh demographic. Yes,

demographic datas there and companies

are maintaining or creating their

policies depends on that statistical

data. Okay. Meteorological datas are

also there, natural data. Okay. You see

data about the mountains, forest,

covered area, forest covered area, uh

field cover area. Okay. Populated dense

populated area. Okay. and uh the

information about the different species

that bound in that area. Okay. So we are

uh not only maintaining the data but

every day we are producing huge amount

of data. Okay. So at earlier what

happens that uh because technologies are

not so much advanced. So that's why what

happens that uh we are lacking in data

but nowadays we are not only using but

producing huge amount of data okay so

think about the CCTV camera installed

everywhere okay capturing the images and

videos so and you can take the example

of YouTube so number of videos we are

generating number of videos already are

into that YouTube environment Okay. So

earlier if we go back uh just 10 years

back so at that time uh we are not using

YouTube uh so much in our day-to-day

life but it become the part of our life.

Okay. So uh the thing is that the we are

covered everywhere from data in data.

Okay. So this is a small idea about data

and hopefully the time is uh over and

this is time for your prayer break.

Okay.

So the [clears throat] exact time is

there.

So we are taking one break here. Okay.

So it's a 15 minutes break.

So all of you can uh go for prayer and

whatever you are having. Okay. You can

utilize this break and even you can go

off the camera for uh buy this break.

Okay. And we'll come back just after 15

minutes. Okay.

[snorts]

So, welcome back everyone.

>> [snorts]

>> Okay. So, uh before going to break uh we

were discussing about the data. Okay.

And we have discussed that why data has

become the new fuel for the entire

world. Okay. So, everyone is fighting

for their own data.

So, every country is trying to

safeguard their uh data locally.

Every person is trying to uh localize

their data and it is uh a good practice

that uh you will not to give your own

data free of cost. Okay. But anyhow what

happens that companies are continuously

tracing you tracking you and uh

you are continuously

uh creating the data. Okay. So first of

all let us talk about the definition

about the data. Okay. So wherever we go

the the definition becomes uh common.

Okay. The same the definition says that

these are the raw effects. Okay. The

data is what data is a raw facts or

figure.

Okay. It's raw facts or figure. And the

nature of this raw pixel figure is that

one thing is common that it can be

recorded. Okay, it is characteristics is

that that it can be recorded and it has

some implicit meaning. Okay, so these

three things are there. First thing is

these are raw facts and figures or you

can say that it's it's known facts.

Okay, raw raw facts and figures. And the

second one is uh the nature of this data

is it can be recorded. And the third

thing third thing is it has some

implicit meaning that's why we are

collecting. Okay. So raw effects why it

is called the raw fctions. Let us take

uh let us understand this one by one

example. Okay. Suppose uh I'm taking

this example uh from your own college.

Okay. So I'm taking the example of

college uh in which suppose

uh one admission counselor is sitting in

an office okay taking admission

in one university or college okay now

what happens at the end of day if uh uh

for example the principal or director of

that college met with that person that

admission counselor and ask some

queries. Okay, ask some questions that

uh how many students have taken the

admission

today? Okay, especially today how many

students have been taking the admission.

So what happens that admission counselor

is not uh means taking collecting the

data in certain order or in opposite

word you can say that uh people or

students those who wants to take

admission in that university or college

they are not coming or approaching that

uh admission counselor in order okay

there's no order so maybe uh that

Some of the students uh those who wants

to take admission in computer science

contacted in the morning. In the

afternoon some students wants to take

admission or take an admission in

management courses. The evening some

students have uh approached to take

admission in some humanities courses

like in some English language or some

history geography like type of things.

Okay. So you can say that no one is

coming in order. Okay.

And even the simple questions the answer

of simple questions this becomes very uh

confusing. Okay. So if someone asks that

admission counselor that how many

students have been taken admission

today. Okay. Maybe what happens that uh

that admission counselor has the total

count. Okay.

[cough] He's able to say that total 150

students have been taken admission. Uh

but to give the answer of that query

that how many students have been taken

the adction especially. So that person

has to do some calculation. Okay has to

not calculation you can say they have to

arrange that data into some order and

what is that order? That order is date

wise. Okay. So he will say that please

wait for a minute and let me check date

wise that how many students have been

taken admission on today's date on that

current date. Okay. So what happens that

that person will arrange the data date

wise. Okay.

So means the data which that person or

admission counselor has been collected

is a raw facts raw facts and figures. So

he was not in the position to give some

outcomes

before ordering the data. Okay. Now the

another question is asked by the

director. Okay. Now that principal is

interested in uh the course wise

admission. They want to know know that

how many students have been taken

admission in computer science, how many

students have been taken admission

management and how many students have

been taken admission in humanities.

Okay. Now the admission counselor is

again confused. Okay. So how that

admission counselor can can give the

answer? Okay. Although he has all the

data but that data is in the random form

raw form. Okay. So that person cannot

give any outcome any conclusion. Okay.

So what that person will do we'll say

just wait for a minute and let me order

this data course wise. Okay. So after

converting that raw facts into

course-wise manner now that admission

counselor is in situation to give answer

that that number of students maybe 15

students have been taken admission in

computer science and uh 10 students have

been taken admission in management and

12 students have been taken admission in

humanity courses. Okay. So now you are

able to understand that what are raw

effects. Now uh in which form that raw

effects have been converted

that raw effects have been converted

into information. Okay. So date wise if

I'm giving some count so that is what

that is information course wise if I'm

saying this is what information but the

data remains same okay data is same but

we can calculate the number of outcomes

from the same data okay so data never

becomes old and data never becomes

exhausted Okay. So unlimited number of

outcomes you can take from that data.

Outcomes mean information. So number of

informations you can calculated

calculate okay from that raw fact and

figures. So now if I compare that data

with information can you compare anyone?

Anyone who can compare the uh difference

between the data or information

from

up to this point of time

whatever the discussion we have done

please give me some idea

very good

is saying data is raw and information

sorted out data Yeah, that's great.

Anyone? Anyone else who wants to add

something to this?

No one wants to add unprocessed. So what

is unprocessed?

Is that information or data? Raw data.

Okay.

[snorts]

Anything else?

Like filtering information out from raw

data. Okay.

Okay.

So, let me conclude.

Information process data. Good. So, let

me conclude. So once again the data is

called

information is validated inconsistent.

Okay. So uh as we have discussed

as I told you the data is what it's a

raw facts and figures. is not

arranged. Okay, it's a random facts.

You can say that we are just collecting

that data in the order in which it is

coming. Okay, irrespective of that

whether it's a small data, big data,

at what time it is coming, I'm just

recording all these activities.

Okay? Like if I'm saying

uh you are sitting on a toll booth where

number of cars or vehicles are passing

out and you are collecting a toll or

some uh you can say that money to pass

from that area. Okay.

So but toll booth is noticing every car

or vehicle which is passing that toll.

Okay. So this is raw facts and figures.

But if I'm saying that you have to

conclude that on what time duration the

number of vehicles are or you can say

the frequency of vehicles passing the

toll is high and on what time it is low.

So you are saying sir at the evening

time when offices are closed so people

rush to their homes. So on that time

means uh at evening time from 5 to uh 8.

So lot many vehicles are on the route

but on in afternoon and at night the

frequency is very much low. Okay this is

the information for me. Now I am saying

that uh out of the entire vehicles

which

number of vehicles are which type of

vehicles are much more is that the

trucks or cars. So you are saying yes

the number of cars who are passing this

toll is much more than the trucks. Okay.

Likewise, if I'm coming back to my

example

now, director can ask any questions like

they can say that how many girls

candidate have been taken the admission,

how many boys have been taken the

admission, how many of them who has

taken admission belongs to local city

who belongs to far away places. Okay.

How many students

specially taken an admission in uh

computer science and I am I'm ask I can

ask that within the computer science how

many students are girls candid you get

how many boys candidates are there okay

so in this way number of outcomes you

can conclude

and

this becomes important for us okay and

it is unlimited

so in short if I'm saying now I'm

concluding that when we convert that

data into some order,

okay, when we arrange this data into

some order, then this data becomes

information for us. Okay, that order can

be anything. That order may be

increasing or decreasing order. That

order may be categorized. That order may

be date wise. Okay, gender- wise, city-

wise, country wise, height wise, weight

wise, okay, anything. It can be

anything. So in short we can say when we

convert our data into some order, then

it becomes information for us. Okay, but

before that what is that? This is the

raw fraction figures that we are

collected

uh as it is happening. Okay, we are just

recording it. Okay, but whenever we are

recording something, it has some

implicit.

Okay, it has some meaning. Like if I'm

recording the admission, so I'm

recording the student uh name, student

father's name and some important

information related to that student.

Okay, so it has some implicit meaning.

Okay. So whatever you are collecting you

are collecting meaningful. Okay. But

it's not in order. It you are recording

it as it is as it is happening. Getting

this now. Is that clear?

>> So clear.

>> Okay. That's great.

But the thing is there once again the

thing is that that we are producing

nowadays we are producing huge amount of

okay so like uh if I we can say that we

can take the example of your GPS system

okay even though we are simply moving

from here to there we are producing the

data okay because you can find in your

mobile phones if you uh wherever you go

your mobile phone is tracing Okay.

Because your uh location is on. Okay. So

they are recording your locations.

>> GPS.

>> Yeah.

>> GPS data.

>> Yeah. GPS data. And at the end of the

month what what they are doing? Gmail

Gmail ID. Okay. You can check in your

email ID that they will send you the

email. uh and in the email the uh they

will provide you the entire set of

activities which you have performed

throughout the month. You can cross

check it that how

means number of places you have visited,

what restaurant you have visited and uh

how many kilometers you have traveled.

Okay, throughout the month the total

traveling you have done. So everything

they will provide you at the end of the

month. Okay. So it means by default they

are tracing you. Okay. They are tracking

you and wherever you go they are finding

this information and even delivering

this information to you as well. Okay.

So not only uh you cannot say that uh

after performing certain action means uh

some uh data if unless I'm not feeding

something okay I'm not uh giving

something to the computer system uh we

are not providing any data without this

but what happens even we are moving from

here to there then only also we are we

are producing the data okay so in That

is why a company becomes very smart.

Okay. So they are continuously tracking

you in different different forms and uh

they are using this data for their own

purposes. Okay. And this these uh

informations are very crucial for the

companies. So even they can conclude

many things from this data because uh

data analytics becomes very smart. Okay.

So uh suppose uh by analyzing this data

uh they can conclude that uh they can

able to identify your interest. Okay

that in which in what type of places you

are interested okay maybe you uh you are

interested in you're very foodie type of

person and you regularly visit one

restaurant or eat some same type of

food. So what happens they uh the system

will ultimately gives you the

suggestions that you can visit these

places and they can send you some

personalized advertisement to you. Okay.

So companies are misusing this data

continuously for their own purposes.

Okay. Even you can find that uh suppose

you are looking for uh [clears throat]

in your computer systems or in your

mobile uh you have uh find some mobile.

Okay you are searching some mobile. So

what happen that the system is so much

expert that he is able to guess that if

you are watching something means you are

interested in buying that mobile phone.

You'll find the advertisement of mobile

phones everywhere. Suppose you are

watching some news and in the news

itself that that mobile phone

advertisements are there. Okay. So you

are you are reading some news, you are

uh reading some articles, you are

reading your emails. Okay. and the

pop-up menus everywhere they are giving

you the advertisements related to some

mobiles. Okay. So in this way they are

continuously tracing you and tracking

you and uh giving you some personalized

information. Okay. Which are uh very uh

important for you. Okay. And which

actually you are looking for. Okay.

That's why they are uh tracking you

ultimately. Okay.

So these are some definitions

[snorts] or you can say that uh these

are some hierarchy. Okay. Let me once

again start from the data. This we have

already discussed. You can see it's a uh

smallest individual unit of our data

DBMS. Okay. So the the uh you can say

that uh at the lowest level. Okay. So it

becomes the fundamental unit. Okay, you

can see like if you have seen a big uh

building. Okay, so that building is made

up of uh maybe huge buildings. Number of

floors are there, number of rooms at

every floor. Okay, but ultimately what

is the foundation? The foundation is

bricks. Okay, so by arranging the number

of bricks in some manner, you have

created a big building. Okay. So

likewise for a complete database

ultimately what is the basic building

block? What is that brick? The break is

data. Okay. So the fundamental and basic

individual unit at the end at the end of

that hierarchy is a data. Okay. So when

we arrange record that data into some

order. So it gives you lot many

important informations.

Okay. So ultimately we can collect this

these same type of datas

and arrange these datas into some order

and create the database.

So the next level is what the next level

is database. So after data

the next point which we discuss is

database. So you have heard this uh uh

this uh terminology

uh at many places. Okay. What is the

difference between that data or

services? So in short you can say that

database is a collection of data or

related data. Okay. Suppose I'm saying

the maybe you have heard this uh

sentence many times that database of

student, database of employees, database

of bank. Okay. So in short what is that

database of student? It means we are

trying to say that [clears throat] it's

a collection of uh data

related to students.

Okay, that's why one word has been

mentioned here the related. Okay, so if

data is not related, so what is that

meaning? There's no meaning for that.

Okay, so we cannot create a table uh uh

containing everything student, employee,

banks information and everything. So it

is meaningless. Okay, normally what

happens that when we create the

database, okay, so that database is

related to some common area. Okay, so if

I'm saying student database, so all

information related to that student. If

I'm saying employee, so related to that

employee specifically. Okay, employee

number, employee ID, employee name,

employee address, employee salary,

designation, department. Okay, so many

things related to that uh employee.

Likewise if I'm saying student so all

information related to that student like

student number student name student role

number student marks student percentage

student course okay not many things

related to that student but what happens

that in database there is no one entity

involved okay so actually it's a

collection of number of tables

okay so after collecting Okay, number of

tables it become complete database.

Okay, it's not one table. So number of

tables are there. Getting this? But the

fundamental aspect is what? Data. Got

this or not?

[snorts]

So into this hierarchy is that two

levels are clear.

Okay. So if I'm saying that not

[clears throat] one table so number of

tables are there. Okay. Like if I'm

saying that suppose you are I'm talking

about the employee database. Okay. So

employee database is not consist of only

one table. Suppose let me once again

take the very simple okay. So throughout

this discussion we try to uh concentrate

on one or two examples. Okay. And

explore this example by using different

applications. Okay. So if I'm saying

that suppose student if you are

maintaining the data of student okay so

can you imagine that if you are uh

maintaining the database for school or

college so student uh table is more than

sufficient.

Okay. So one column you are saying that

name one column for role number. Okay.

one column for phone number or mobile

number and so on.

So if I'm saying database

so only one table is more than

sufficient student table [gasps]

one table is capable of maintaining all

the data related to that student.

What do you think?

Enter the database

only one table is there.

Second table for all the classes. Okay.

Anything else?

No. only one table is not sufficient.

Okay. Number of tables are required.

Okay. Like for example, if I'm saying uh

you are preparing the database for

college. So what you require? You

require to maintain the data related to

that student. So what table I'm showing

it is the personal information of the

student. Okay. So you can imagine it

like all the department of that that

college is maintaining their own data

like if I'm saying the admission

department

admission department maintaining their

own data okay means maintaining their

own table

so

I w has been given a answer in a very

long list. Okay. Yeah. Uh you can say

the relevant answers there. Okay. So I'm

just explaining it. So I'm [snorts]

saying that suppose admission team or

department is there. So admission

department is maintaining their own data

based on the students approaching to

that. Okay. It's totally different.

Admission table is different from

student record table because all the

students who have approached to the

admission department cannot say that all

of them has been taken the admission.

Maybe 100 student approached and out of

them only 50 students have been taken

the admission and 50 students are not

interested. Okay, this is also possible.

So the table you are maintaining for

admission will be totally different from

student table. Okay. So in the admission

table you require many informations

which are specifically important for

admission purposes like normally we uh

mention the admission number. Okay.

uh the way we are collecting the

information maybe we are collecting the

fees through uh check number or demand

draft or online okay internet banking

number somewhere so have you found this

internet banking or check number in

student table

there is no meaning of that check number

or DD number or inter bank intern

banking number in the student table no

meaning okay but in admission

uh table. It is very much important

until if student is not uh filling the

fees. Okay. Not depositing the fees. So

it will not be uh uh you can say that

Janu

means the uh admission is not finalized.

Okay. Suppose you are taking some uh

internal exam. Okay. So in order to take

the admission you are taking some

entrance exam. So the entrance exam

related information like entrance date

of exam

or the number you have got in entrance

date the merit list. Okay this is

there's no purpose of that information

in student table. Okay. Likewise

if you are running the library in your

college. So the library table is

different. Okay. Library is maintaining

the room data. But library is

maintaining that how many books you have

issued. Okay. How many books you have

returned and if you have not returned

the books on time. So maybe they have

imposed some fine on you. Okay. So this

type of information they have

maintaining in different table. Likewise

if I'm saying uh examination department.

So examination department is maintaining

their own table

based on your semester your number of

subjects. Okay. Uh the practical

subjects, theoretical subjects and even

the exams they are conducted in various

stages. Midterm exam, endtime exams.

Okay. report exams, report submission

marks. So that table is totally

different. Likewise, number of tables

are there. Transportation,

uh, mass, uh, hostel, a room wise, okay,

timetable.

So it means what I'm trying to say that

if you are developing the software for

college or university so that college

database is not made up of single table

that database is basically collection of

number of tables which are actually

interrelated. This is very much so

interreation is important

goddess. Now have you got the idea about

database?

Database is not one table. So whenever

we will use this terminology in normal

discussion in our normal life. So please

do remember.

So database doesn't mean that one table

is there. It's a collection of table and

all the tables are inter.

Is that clear to you or not? Please tell

me.

Okay.

So, two things we have cleared.

The fundamental building block is data.

Okay.

And although we say that the collection

of related data becomes database but uh

in technicality man because we are

learning the DBMS okay so detailed

discussion is there. So in technicality

so database is collection of number of

okay

and number of intell. Now what left?

Okay what is left now about DBMS? So

what is that DBMS?

Okay so we have learned many things we

we learn data we learn table and number

of table and inter table. So what is

left now? Okay. So the left now is DBMS.

Okay. So the full form as usually it

says that it's a database management

system. Okay. And it's a system and

system includes many things. So let me

clear first of all that what system is

like if I'm saying

organization. Organization is a system.

Okay. Consisting of employees.

Maybe it's a manufacturing company. So

it has number of departments, it has

machines, it has computer systems, it

has building, it has vehicles.

So all together you can see it's a

system. Okay, system is not alone.

Likewise, if I'm saying computer system,

computer system, why it's a system? It's

a collection of input output devices,

software, operating system, display

device, hardware, processor, RAM,

memories.

All units are working together in

coordination in coordinating way. That's

why it's a system. It's not a single

thing. Okay? It's a collection of

various components.

Okay? Likewise, it's a system. Okay? And

it contains many things.

And what are these things? Things the

very much important is when I'm talking

about the data when I'm talking about

the tables. So you need some platform

where you can save that data. So that

the part the component of that data or

that system is the hard disk, the memory

which is used to store your data

permanently.

Okay, that becomes the part. So DBMS is

what first of all you can define

whenever you define DBMS so you can use

that word it's a general purpose

software system okay it's not a single

table but it's a software system it's a

general purpose software system

responsible to perform operations on

that database okay so you have

maintained that database you have stored

that database

But when I'm asking to fetch some

particular information so who can fetch

this and every time I'm changing my

query like I have told you that I'm

interested in and how many students have

taken admission today how many admission

has been uh from the computer science

how how many from the management okay so

every time I'm quaring in different

different forms and Maybe

to fetch some information require

uh more than two tables. Okay. If I'm

saying for example

uh you haven't uh uh means return one

book from last many years. Okay. You

have issued two books and you have not

returned it even after a complete year.

So what we do I will fetch this

information

from the office or from the uh

examination. So I'm having doubt that

maybe that person leave the college

maybe that person got failed and he has

leave the college that's why he is not

returning back the books. Okay. So we

will confirm it from the examination

department. Okay. So what information I

am having? I'm having one data that is

student number or student ID. Student ID

is common among all. So I am having the

student ID. So I by using the student ID

I will ask the exam department please

cross check whether that student has

been passed or not. I use this student

ID and cross check from the office

department uh that this student has been

submitted the fees for the next year or

not. Is that a valid student still or

not? Okay. So in this way uh we normally

fetch the information by joining number

of tables together. Okay. So the

information cannot be fetched alone from

a single table. Sometimes we have to

join the number of people. The same way

for that purpose you require special

purpose softares special purpose

software I'm saying but it's a special

purpose program will help you to uh

fetch the information in a

well-coordinated manner. Okay. So that's

why DBMS is a complete general purpose

software. Okay. not a single thing and

it will gives you the idea that how you

can store this tables on the hard disk

in what forms okay how much amount of

memory a particular record is going to

be take in the uh memory system okay so

how much amount of memory block is

required to store every record okay

record means I'm talking about the

entire room okay so how we can store

this I'll take the backups

Okay. So at the same time we want to

secure my data. Okay. At the same time I

will be very conscious about that uh

maybe in uh upcoming days

that that data may be lost okay due to

any type of errors maybe system errors

hardware failures network failures or

maybe by natural disasters. So I'm in

doubt that this data may be lost. So I'm

continuously taking the backups of that

data. So who will do this? Okay. And

nowadays we are trying to develop such

kind of systems who are taking their own

decisions and doing all this

automatically. Okay. So means the same

time we have to secure this data. We

have to take regular backups. we have to

uh uh store these datas properly. Okay.

And uh whenever we need the information,

we have to join the multiple tables.

Okay. So for that purpose, we require

this some type of programs. Okay. Which

will help you and even uh we will not

allow everyone to uh means access this

data. Okay. So you should have to

provide the authorizations.

Okay. Yeah, online or offline patterns.

Yes, both are important. Okay, so we

have to provide the proper authorization

that those who can use that data and

those who is not allowed to use this

this data. Okay, login ID passwords

providing login passwords, okay,

authentication, authorizations, uh

securities, backups, okay, and fetching

of different informations. So likewise

we have to create the complete system

for that. Okay. And that system is

called DBMS. Okay. Got this? Any

confusion? Any doubt? Any doubt?

Any confusion? Any doubt?

Any question?

Okay, that's great. So, it's time to

take one more break here. It's a second

break. So as usually one break we have

taken uh just one hour back.

Okay. So I'm keeping my slide as it is

in front of you. Okay. Uh meanwhile you

can read this and still if you are

having any doubt please I will take

questions just after 15 minutes. Okay.

Okay. So welcome back once again.

So a lot many

support are from various sites.

So are we able to download this through

these links or not?

links are available but whether it is

downloadable or not it's better

[clears throat]

please do not create separate links

Nazi Ali

this is not recommended Okay.

So if you are having already you are

having the official group so do not make

such kind of groups. Okay.

So delete it this message immediately.

So you are having your own uh official

group where you are getting the official

informations. Okay. So such kind of uh

uh separate groups may create the

confusions sometimes. Okay. So uh treat

the information final

if it is received in your official

group.

Okay. So uh because uh some of the

uh students are uh already working

somewhere they are busy with their own

works and you are taking the classes

online. So there is a very much

importance of uh your official group. So

official group is very useful for uh

doing communication some official

communications important dates important

instructions policies and uh and

notices. Okay. So be do follow this

official group along with your portal.

Okay. So the utmost important is your

portal. Okay. So ultimately the final uh

uh information the authentic information

or information source is your uh college

portal. Okay. Or website. So after that

the same information you can pass to

your official uh groups like uh maybe a

viber group and telegram group is there

telegram group is there okay it's a

official group so do join this and those

who still not got the message to join

this telegram group so hopefully they

will shortly receive and you should be a

part of that group okay so in that group

you can discuss all your feelings and

your informations. Okay. So coming back

to our discussion.

So as I told you that uh we have discuss

a complete hierarchy. Okay. Order. So we

have started discussion from data and as

I told you that if we discuss this

concept with respect to this hierarchy.

So data is a very fundamental and uh uh

you can say that individual the last

components of the entire complete DBMS

system. Okay. So the ultimately the

entire DBMS system is dependent on that

fundamental aspects. Okay. So this uh

combinations and uh collection of data

makes table. First of all it makes

records. records makes tables, tables

make databases and database makes DBMS.

Okay. So it's a complete order like if

I'm saying that uh this is a table okay

so in this table the number of columns

are there. Okay.

And uh if I'm saying the record like the

record of a complete student is called a

row. Okay. So complete row is called

what? Record. Okay. I'm saying like want

to fetch the record of student number

101.

Okay. So it's a complete row.

So one row is one record

and uh out of that record one cell.

Okay. This is a cell which is

maintaining one data. Okay. which is uh

not breakable like mobile number or uh

phone or sorry uh student ID. Okay. So

this data is what means every cell is

individual data

and table is what collection of these

cells. Okay. So in this way data the

collection of data makes records. The

collection of records makes table.

collection of table makes uh database

and the after that database the uh at

the highest level we are having the DBS

okay so in this way we can make a

complete hierarchy where is my okay so

in short I'm writing because it is very

difficult to write the complete word so

we we are starting with data okay so the

collection of data makes what records so

what is records

records is a row complete row. Okay,

like I'm saying that record of a student

ID uh 101 okay so collection of uh data

makes records and uh collection of

records makes table okay and collection

of table makes what?

Collection of table makes database.

Okay. And all this database is being

managed by DBMS.

Okay. So this is the complete ordering

got this find out related to this.

This order we are following data record

table database and DBMS. Okay. So coming

back to DBMS as I told you that DBMS is

uh the word attached with that DBMS is

system. Okay. So as I told you system is

basically consist of different

components like if I'm saying that

government is the system. Okay. So

government how government is actually

made up of? It's made up of defense

department, financial department or uh

education department or uh

transportation department. Okay. So in

this way different departments

altogether make a government. Government

is a system. I'm saying organization.

Organization is a system. Okay. So in

the organization we are having sales

department, financial department and uh

uh procurement department okay

manufacturing unit. So all these

departments all together make a complete

organization okay so system. So likewise

DBMS is a system. So what are the parts

of the system? So the component parts of

their systems are what? One system is

responsible for security another for au

authentications and another is for

taking backups or uh uh providing the

recovery mechanisms. Okay. And uh

responsible for uh storing the data.

Okay. Storage management. Okay. So these

are all these components and all these

components actually meet the DBMS. Okay.

So DBMS uh in short as I told you that

whenever you define the DBMS say the

general purpose software okay

responsible for maintaining the data

okay so maintaining is uh almost

contains

uh all the words in short okay let's see

what they are saying they are saying

DBMS contains information about

particular enterprise as a collection of

vintage data set of programs Okay. And

environment that is both convenient

efficient to use. This is some small

definition

not the definition. This is the idea.

[clears throat]

U in the upcoming

PB I'll discuss the uh actual

definition. Okay. But from this you have

got the idea that it's combination of

data and the associate programs.

Programs means here the program is being

replaced by the queries. Okay. So let's

see the definition. Okay, this is one

example. This example we have already

done. Okay, university database. So if

I'm saying the database, so it's not

only consist of one table. Okay, it's

consist of many tables. Okay, so like uh

student table instructor mean faculty

table. You can see the data about the

faculties. Okay, so faculty name,

faculty ID, faculty specialization.

Okay. So number of things are there you

can store related to faculty's courses.

Number of courses are there. Course ID.

Okay. And duration of that course. So

these are the attributes of the courses.

Okay. So the operations you are

performing on that data is register

students for courses. Generate class

roers. Okay. Class roers means a time

intervals. Okay. These are the

operations you are performing that data.

assign grades to students and compute

grade point averages and generate

transcripts. So uh these are the uh you

can say the uh the tables okay along

with the operations you are performing

on that tables. Okay. So these are the

application program examples.

These are the application program

examples which we can perform on the

university database. Okay. So we can add

new students. We can add new

instructors, new courses. We can uh new

students can take the admissions. So we

can register the new students. We can

generate the timets. Okay. We can assign

the grades points based on their

performances, provide the GPA and

generate transcripts. Okay. So these are

university database example. Okay.

Applications we can perform.

Now let's see that what are the database

applications. Okay. So uh these are some

areas where we can implement this data

databases. So although uh almost in all

the areas without database we cannot

work because actually it is fueled by

data. Okay. But let's take one some

examples just to remember and just to

write in your exams as well. Okay. So,

banking, airlines, unities, sales,

online retailers, manufacturing, human

resources. But along with that, you

should be able to know that what type of

uh uh operations we should have to

perform on that data. Okay. Along with

that, so you should have some rough idea

about that how many tables are possible

or how many operations possible. Okay.

So uh in banking if I'm saying that you

are maintaining the uh data of customers

accounts okay and uh debit and credit

records

and operations like transactions okay so

in banking system technically it is

called transactions. So when you are

generating the statements, you are

depositing money, withdrawing money,

these are called transactions. Okay?

These are some operations which we

perform on banking. Like if I'm talking

about the airlines, okay, so maybe we

are maintaining the table of uh

customers. Okay. So and uh tickets are

uh in airlines we are maintaining the uh

table of number of uh the aeroplanes

okay flight through flight numbers we

are maintaining the time table of that

flights the route of that flights okay

along with that the process which we are

applying on the uh on these tables the

reservation process okay ticket booking

process

uh we are checking the schedule routes

of the flights. Uh we are checking the

time table whether the flights are on

time or not. Okay. These are some

operations we are performing like

university we have done our blog

discussion on that sales. Okay. In sales

data uh we are maintaining the uh

records of customers. Uh we are

maintaining the records of products.

Okay. and uh number of products those

who are purchased. Okay. And we can

perform number of operations like profit

and loss accounts we can maintain. Okay.

So on the basis of the transactions we

have done we can finally calculate that

uh at the end of month we have got the

profit or loss. Okay. These are the

operations like online returners.

So number of tables we can maintain like

first of all very important is order

tracking. Okay. So if you have placed

some order so where your order is so you

can trace that order for that purpose

you can maintain the table okay so

tracing or tracking the order uh by

using the order numbers okay or this is

the operation as well okay and uh

customize the recommendations

uh some uh people are giving the uh

ratings to particular product Okay. Uh

after using that uh product they are

sharing their feedbacks in the form of

ratings. Okay. So on the basis of

ratings systems are recommending you

products. Okay. These operations we can

perform in manufacturing number of

tables are there and operations are

there. You're maintaining the inventory

maintaining the productions. Okay. Uh

you are placing the order. Okay.

Maintain the supply chain management. So

uh what I'm trying to say that these are

the base for your reports as okay. So

ultimately if I'm saying that at the end

of the uh all one and all two at the end

of this uh task one when it's going to

be and so at that time you have to work

on some report okay or in between as I

told you that every discussion is very

important. So from these areas you can

pick one of the area as a problem and

you can create your own report. Okay. So

the area is unlimited. So in DBMS you

can make the uh database or make a

report

uh keeping in mind you can make the

report for banking problems, airline

problems, university problems, sales

problem, retailing, manufacturing, human

resources. Okay. So out of them you can

pick one of the problem and create your

projects as well. Okay. So this is one

idea that what you have to do in your

reports. Okay. So you have to make some

database solutions from some real life

problems. Okay. The problems which is

around you. Maybe it's very advantageous

if you can able to pick the problem from

your own organization. Okay. Because the

organization is well known to you. the

problem you are uh uh are well aware

okay so you can give this solution for

your own company

okay or maintain their own data likewise

so it will be beneficial if you can able

to take your own example okay or

although if you are not having you can

pick uh any problem out of them okay

now the important point

the crux of today's discussion. Okay,

the concluding point. Now let's talk

about the DBMS. Okay, so whenever we

define DBMS as I told you that how we

should have to define start defining it.

So we should have to start defining it

by collection of programs. Okay. So

obviously if I'm saying it's a system,

it's a software system, a general

purpose system. So it's basically a

collection of programs because software

itself says that software definition of

software itself says that it's

collection of programs okay that enables

users to create and maintain a database.

So it allows you environment where you

can create the database maintain a

database okay and the primary goal of a

DBM is to provide a way to store and

retrieve database information that is

both convenient and efficient. Okay. So

in short one more definition is this we

have already discussed DBMS is a general

purpose software system. Okay that

facilitates the process of this is the

concluding points. Okay.

So it provides you of the environment

where you can define construct

manipulating and sharing the data. Okay.

This is very much important.

So out of them

this part is important.

>> Okay.

So uh let us discuss uh all the points

one by one. So in one definition you are

saying that it's a collection of

programs. Why I'm saying collection of

programs? Because it's a system and uh

because of s and uh better you can say

it's a software system. Okay. Obviously

Oracle is what? It's a general purpose

software software. Okay. Above after the

operating system, the next level is your

Oracle. Okay. So, and software is

basically what collection of programs.

So, in short, you are saying that it's a

collection of programs. But what that

program is doing?

It helps you in creating the data. Okay?

It helps you in creating the tables and

maintain that data or database. Okay. So

it contains everything. Okay. It allows

you to maintain the database. So it

maintains means fing of information,

inserting of information, saving all the

tables, uh saving on the memory and

whenever needed you are able to fetch

this. Okay. So maintenance include

everything. In another word you are

saying primary goal of DBM is to provide

a way. It provides you the way so that

you can store the data, retrieve the

data whenever needed. Okay. Retrieve

information like I I told you that I I'm

interested to fetch the information of

those employees who are specifically

working in computer science department.

Okay. I am interested in uh fetching all

those information all the information of

all those employees who have joined

after 2025.

Okay. So in this way I'm interested in

fetching some specific information

retrieving some specific information.

Okay. So uh this DBMS allows you to

retrieve the information in some

specific order. Okay. So the last one

very important it's a general purpose

software that facilitates these things.

Okay. So defining constructing

manipulating and sharing. So what it

means this is very much important. So

can you say can you say or can you tell

what do you mean by that defining define

your database? Anybody who can explain

what do you mean by defining

defining the database? by this

creating. Okay.

Schema. Okay. Good.

If you are uh uh

saying [snorts] the schema

so uh it means you're having some of the

idea what the DB is.

You're using such kind of technical

words.

[clears throat]

creating the blueprint. Okay,

model.

[laughter]

Okay. [clears throat]

So without making it very complicated

I'm saying that if I'm saying defining

so as we have started or as we have

discussed about the hierarchy as I told

you hierarchy start from data. Okay. So

when from the previous semester you or

if you have uh learned about any

language

so language

uh in any language if you are preparing

a program

so in every program suppose if you are

using any variable

so before using that variable you have

to define it

okay declare it isn't so in previous uh

semester we have learned about the

programming C. So as I told you that

suppose you are using A B C variable. So

you have to define it first

whether is of it is of integer type of

float type or character type. Okay. So

defining deals with that.

So every smallest

data you are maintaining. So before that

you have to define this when saying

student ID. So you have to define that

you are defining that student ID is of

integer type.

Okay. So because normally role number is

available in

number. Okay. So we are saying that

student name.

So you are defining that student name

should be of character type.

Okay. If you are declaring one attribute

like salary. Okay. Salary should be

number,

isn't it? Or a floatingoint number or

fractional. Maybe uh one person is

earning some uh $1,000.

$1,15.

$1,15.

Okay. So it may be the final uh

the number that got getting in uh

fractional part. Okay. So defining deals

with that. So if you are declaring a

table you should have to define it. How

many attributes are there?

How many uh means attributes means like

columns. Okay. Student ID, student name,

mobile number, address. Okay. Likewise,

how many columns are there? How many uh

different attributes are there? Okay.

This you should have to define and every

attribute type is also

whether it's a uh character, number

or anything else. Okay. Or floating by

number etc. So this is called defining.

So before using any data any table first

of all define it. Is that clear?

Okay. Now what about the constructing?

So constructing deal with you are saying

after creation

after creation creating the blueprint

structure okay so when I'm saying that

you are storing now you are storing the

data you are filling the records okay so

how that records should be saved in

memory

how much amount of space is required to

store every card.

Okay. How it will be stored in memory in

the form of blocks.

Okay. In the form of actual memory. So

sometimes what happen as you know that

in computer science or computer systems

also we are using the uh the order okay

hierarchy of memory. Okay. So at the you

can say at the top level what we are

having we are having cache memories okay

CPU registers after that cache after

that main memory after that secondary

memory okay so if I'm saying that your

data or your record at in the main

memory itself okay so how much amount of

uh space that record is actually taking

in main memory how much amount of total

space is required for that table within

the secondary memory. Okay. So,

construction deal with this.

Construction is saying that how much

amount of block of memory is required

for every record should be same. Talk

about uh one table as you know one table

the number of columns are fixed. Okay.

It may be that five, six, 10 columns are

there and one record means one row.

Okay. And every column data type is

already fixed. Okay. So fixed amount of

space is required to store

one record whether you are entering it

or not but it should be reserved okay in

advance by the system. So that is

construction. construction deal with

that how actually we construct the

database on ground and that ground is

memory. Okay, is that clear?

The next one is manipulating. and

manipulating once again it's a

uh terminology which we used in case of

DBMS like one terminology we have

already used as I told you transactions

okay we normally use word transaction in

case you are performing the banking have

in banking if someone is saying that uh

I'm doing the debit processing or credit

processing Okay. So, banks always

say it like transaction. Okay. So, there

you are performing the withdrawal

transaction or deposit transaction.

Okay. So, in banking it is we we

normally use this word of transaction

not processing. Okay. So why

transaction? Because it actually deals

with the uh fetching or retrieving of

information from the database. So

whenever we are interacting with

database we call it transaction.

Likewise one more word that's

manipulating. Manipulating means in DBMS

it is called modification. Okay. So

manipulation is a synonym word of

modification. Okay. So uh by using the

DBMS we are allowed to uh define the

data. Okay. means defining in the form

of uh data types in short you can uh

learn like if I'm saying that your

attribute is of integer type float type

or number type okay or character type

constructing means how it will going to

be reflected on your memory okay how it

is going to be used or save into your

memory manipulating means allows you to

modify the records okay maybe you have

forgot to enter the address so later on

you can Right? Maybe you have entered

some wrong entries. You can modify it.

Okay, that modifications may be

applicable on the structure of the table

and the records itself. Okay, your

mobile number has been changed. So, it's

called manipulation. Okay, sharing.

Sharing is very important. Okay, so

ultimately what happens that if whatever

you have uh developing uh if you are not

able to share your information with

other devices, so there's no meaning of

that database. Okay. So you have

developed a huge database you don't want

to share it with others. Okay. So there

is no meaning of that. So sharing is

very important. So DBMS allows you such

kind of environment so that you can

share your tables your information with

others. Okay. Obviously we are sharing

being a customer bank share my own

information with me. Okay. Out of that

number of uh customers my information

personally fast and it is displayed to

me. Okay. So this is what sharing of

information.

Okay. So sharing is very so this is the

crux for your DBMS. So DBMS is basically

designed to facilitate but defining the

data, constructing data, manipulating

the data, sharing the data. Okay, this

is very much important. Let's see in

detail as well. You can see here read

this, understand this. For that we are

giving I'm giving you two minutes of

time. Read this, understand this. And if

you are in doubt you can ask me.

Please read it carefully.

You want Oh,

Okay. So this is what exactly what we

have discussed as I told you that's

defining means what

specifying the data type. Okay. So

whatever the individual columns or

attributes you are using you have to

define it. Okay. can define in many

sense like if I'm saying student ID so

the data type of that ID the range of

values you can use the limit so

limitless values you cannot enter into

that attribute okay so you are allowed

to enter only that uh range which is

allowed into that integer category okay

so uh maybe you have defined uh some

constraint on that like primary key

constraint okay like Employee ID should

be always primary should not be

repeated. One employee ID should not be

assigned to more than one employee like

student ID. Student ID is always unique.

Okay. This type of constraints we have

applied on student ID. Okay. Constraint

I am applying that uh suppose a form is

there. I'm saying uh no uh customer can

open the account

whose age is less than 18. Okay.

Condition I post.

So this condition can be automatically

checked by DB itself. So whenever

someone wants to open the account and

you are saying before opening the

account would have to enter the uh sorry

you have to enter the uh

age of the that customer and if age is

not more than 18 so you're not allowed

to open the account. So you can apply

some constraints as okay these are

definitions but constructing as I told

you that how all of these records should

be stored on some storage med

not only records at that table okay how

it will be saved on the disk on the

memory manipulating means modification

deals with the modifications okay it's

includes quaring database to retrieve

retrieving the informations, updating

the data, okay, generating reports,

all these is the part of manipulation.

Okay. So you are performing any change,

any modification. So it's means

manipulating likewise sharing. Okay.

Sharing is very important. So standalone

you cannot do anything. Okay. For better

outcome you should have to share this

data with number of departments. Okay.

So multiple users can uh or to access

the database concretely. Okay. So these

are the points which are very important

for DBMS first practice. Okay. So revise

once again the definition and this uh

definition says that we the DBMS is

basically designed to perform all these

task. Okay. Defining, constructing,

manipulating and sharing. Okay. Any

doubt to do this?

[snorts] Any doubt?

All clear.

>> All clear. Okay. So that's great. And uh

because this is your first class so I'm

going to give you much more time for

your attendance as well. So we are just

stopping here giving full stop for

today. Okay. So we'll start discuss

discussing the things on some uh deep

pattern. Okay. the next class. So, just

give me a minute and

Okay. So,

attendance it is also very important

part.

So, as you know more than 80% is

required. So, you should be regular and

give attendance very attentively

[snorts]

and we can take attendance throughout

the class any time. Okay.

So you have to be ready for that

attending for that. So you have to give

attendance

by writing yes

or present in the chat box. Okay.

So by or registered name. So name should

be properly mentioned or visible in the

chat box. Okay. Got this. Let's start

from Arushad Abdullahif.

Arushad al Abdul Latif

Hussein Paran.

Okay.

Haran Muhammad.

Uh you have to write only present but uh

the name which is visible to be uh

should be uh relevant and exact name.

Okay.

Ahmed Haleem,

Ahmed Verak,

Harayu Muhammad,

Ali Sahil,

Mohammed Shafi,

Hussein Aam,

Mohammad Nadu,

Mohammed Hassan,

Mohammed Zakaria,

Mohammad Rufan,

Aliasir,

Mohammad Asel,

Ali Rashid,

Usman Muhammad,

Nawas Zahir,

Nazir Abdul,

Mahama Shamin,

Mohammed Zamin,

Ahmed Yamin,

Mohamad Zamin or Mohammad Zamil.

Zamin.

So those who

Zamil.

>> [snorts]

>> So,

is that your student ID? 8605

8605. Is that yours?

Maybe wait for a minute. Okay. Two or

three minutes.

Your name will be visible in upcoming

ids. Okay.

Ahmed Yamin,

Shan Muhammad,

Nafi, Ibrahim,

Ali, Sam,

Mu Muhammad,

Ahmed Mahi,

Ahmed Abdul Rahim,

Yish Muhammad

Salem,

Ibrahim Shafan,

Ahmed Asham,

Aishad Muhammad,

Ivan Say

Mohammed Samir

name Ahmed

and don't worry I will repeat the names

okay those who forgot to give the

attendance

okay okay y mama Mustafa

So yeah, I'm given don't worry. Okay.

Mohammad Ray Ibrahim

Ibrahim Hussein

to Hassan

Mohamad Zamil we'll give you will just

Perfect.

Aminadaya,

Aman, Ibrahim,

Mohammad,

Fatma, Shafina,

Aminata,

Nazi, Ali

Shouting Musa

Musad.

Sorry. Sha Sha Ahmed.

Sha Ahmed. Okay.

Ali Shatu.

Ali Shatu.

Maybe

Mohammad Azmin.