How Did Our Universe Emerge From Chaos?

[Music]

for millennia if not since time

immemorial cultures around the world

have woven the sun into their

understanding of reality

to some ancient egyptians humans were

created from the sun god ra's tears

in viking mythology saul would cross the

sky with her brother the moon and in

doing so help humanity tell the time and

in one aboriginal australian story the

sun mother is sent on a mission to a

barren earth to awaken sleeping spirits

and give them form as both plants and

animals

and as science has advanced instead of

refuting these early notions as the

expanding of our horizons has cooled

time on so many other ancient beliefs it

has become clearer and clearer that

these myths are not so far from the

truth

in many ways

the sun

is

our god

on the most fundamental level the light

of our closest star warms the surface

and air keeping temperatures within a

narrow band so that water persists as a

liquid photosynthetic organisms capture

solar energy and convert it into their

own source of chemical nourishment

creatures who cannot produce their own

food in turn consume this converted

sunlight powering their cells without it

our planet would be a lifeless frozen

rock

drifting in oblivion

but more than just this there is

something deeper at play

for we do not only receive energy from

the sun's rays but we are made up of its

ancestors

remains

in ancient tales sun gods were sometimes

born from a more primordial deity the

aztec god whitser the pochle came into

being when his mother was touched by a

ball of feathers that had fallen from

heaven amitarasu the japanese sun

goddess was born from the left eye of

her created deity father izanagi

and just as these legends hinted a

lineage so our sun

is not the first

it was born from a stellar nursery

filled with gas the greater portion

collapsing under the power of gravity

until mata was dense enough

hot enough to shine

and it is from this attracted matter

that our earth was born

but what begot these vast latent nebulae

what created these scattered elements

that make up

us

our sun is in fact the latest iteration

of an epoch spanning cosmic recycling

what astronomers call a population one

star it descends from other now long

dead stars which transformed the matter

within themselves forging new elements

within their massive cores before

scattering their ashes in vast

supernovae

like the sons and daughters of solar

mythology our sun was born of an older

source of light but it was not simply a

clone of its parents its chemical

composition is very different to those

that came before a byproduct of its

ancestors life cycle while some of these

older stars must die to seed the

universe many of the less massive stars

from this generation persist

to this day

in the milky way population 2 stars

reside primarily in ancient clusters

outside of the galactic disk in what is

known as the galactic halo

and these stars too had ancestors of

their own receiving their constituents

from the most ancient suns with the most

pristine of ingredients the purest of

mixes

the yet to be observed population three

stars

the very first to be forged in the

universe

but again

these

were not the first cosmic cradles

of creation

for the ingredients of these enigmatic

giants were created in the very first

seconds of time

a brief instance when the entire

universe was hotter

than the sun's core

it was once said that we are star stuff

but that

is only half the story

the no hair theorem states that black

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[Music]

the year is 1782 a recent inductee to

great britain's academy of sciences the

royal society makes a claim that if true

would answer centuries if not millennia

of scientific inquiry

thirty-year-old james price had

discovered a way to turn base metals

into gold more specifically price

claimed that he had developed a white

powder that could turn a gram of mercury

into 50 of silver and a red powder that

could turn the same mercury into 60

grams of gold but unlike your

run-of-the-mill charlatan price had

performed experiments that backed up his

implausible claim with witnesses

while his fellow chemists at the royal

society remained unconvinced the

university of oxford saw fit to award

him an honorary medical degree for his

labors not explicitly for these

experiments but perfectly timed to

suggest they played a factor to the

greater public price had finally

demonstrated that alchemy was more than

magic

it was science

but as his fellow royal society members

demanded a replication of these

experiments for their own eyes price

quickly grew reluctant

he claimed the creation of the powders

was too strenuous on his health and that

the process would never be financially

profitable the value of the silver and

gold created did not exceed the value of

the materials put into making them his

reputation as an honorable chemist he

claimed should be enough for his peers

to take him at his word buckling under

the pressure in january of 1783 price

finally agreed to the royal society's

demands

of course price knew he was unable to

prove his implausible claim of alchemy

and so instead of turning mercury to

gold before the eyes of the gathered

fellows he drank a vial of concentrated

laurel water

and died

but the human desire to transmute one